Carbohydrates, monosaccharides, polysaccharides. Cov carbohydrates yog qhov dav dav hauv cov tsiaj thiab cog ntoo hauv ntiaj teb, lawv ua lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb hauv ntau cov txheej txheem hauv lub neej. Cov carbohydrates ua tau 80% ntawm qhov hnyav ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab 2% ntawm qhov nyhav nyhav ntawm cov tsiaj ua tsiaj.

Npe carbohydrates cov khoom siv ntuj tsim no tau thov hauv 1844 los ntawm C. Schmidt, vim tias cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov paub txog carbohydrates tuaj yeem raug qhia ua C_n(N₂Oh)_m Tam sim no, lub tswvyim ntawm carbohydrates tau dhau los ua ntau dav.

Carbohydrates feem ntau faib ua monosaccharides, oligosaccharides thiab polysaccharides.
Monosaccharides(monoses) - cov tshuaj uas tsis muaj peev xwm yauv mus rau hydrolysis.
Oligosaccharides- cov tshuaj tsim los ntawm ntau qhov seem ntawm monosaccharide lwg me me (ntawm 2 txog 8-10). Qhov yooj yim ntawm cov no yog kev ua tsis taus.
Polysaccharidesyog cov siab nyhav molecular tebchaw uas cov macromolecules raug tsim los ntawm ntau cov monosaccharide lwg me me.

Monosaccharides dej num los ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm carbon atoms hauv molecule thiab muaj cov aldehyde lossis ketone pawg:
Tetrosa
Pentoses
Hexoses
Monosaccharides: aldoses, ketoses

Los ntawm lawv cov qauv, monosaccharides yog polyhydroxyaldehydes lossis polyhydroxyketones:

Monosaccharides tau txais los ntawm polysaccharides los ntawm hydrolysis ntawm tom kawg. Piv txwv li, hydrolysis ntawm beet lossis kab tsib suab thaj ua rau cov piam thaj thiab fructose:

Monoses yog cov soluble heev hauv cov tswv yim, feem ntau ntawm lawv muaj qhov qab qab, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nruab nrab. Thaum ua kom sov, lawv tig xim av thiab carbonize. Txhua lub monosaccharides ntuj muaj kev ua haujlwm kho qhov muag.

Ntawm thawj qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev siv yog cov piam thaj nrog 5 thiab 6 carbon atoms hauv molecule (pentoses thiab hexoses). Los ntawm lawv cov qauv, lawv muab faib ua ob pawg loj: aldehyde cawv (aldoses) thiab keto cawv (ketoses):

Tam sim no, nws tau pom tias tsim muaj nyob rau hauv cov kua qab zib muaj ob qho tib si molecules uas nws cov qauv tau muab saum toj no (cov saw lossis qhib daim ntawv) thiab cov molecules muaj cov txheej txheem cyclic (cyclic semi-acetal form):

Thawj thawj zaug, daim ntawv cyclic rau kev mob hlwb tau pom zoo los ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb Lavxias teb sab A.A. Col Col (1840-1916). Nws kuj tau ua ib tug xov tooj ntawm lwm cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov Science News for KIDS ntawm carbohydrates ntawm qhov tseem ceeb.

Cov foos xa tawm cov roj nplej muaj peev xwm suav tau tias yog cov khoom siv ntawm ob hom kev sib txuas ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide: pyran (ntiv nplhaib rau-nco) lossis furan (ntiv nplhaib tsib-nco):

Hauv kev lag luam tshuaj, monoses feem ntau yog siv rau cov piam thaj ua ib qho tshuaj, fructose ua lub suab thaj hloov rau cov neeg mob ntshav qab zib mellitus, dioses tau siv: sucrose, lactose, qee cov oligosaccharides siv, piv txwv, raws li kev daws teeb meem, polysaccharides yog cellulose, starches ntawm ntau lub hauv paus pib. Derivatives ntawm carbohydrates yog siv dav ua tshuaj: glucosamine thiab nws cov polymeric compound chondroitin.

Cov piam thaj hauv qabzib.

Tau txais piam thaj. Hauv lub xeev dawb, cov piam thaj muaj nyob hauv cov kua txiv kab ntxwv, hauv cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab lwm yam kabmob ntawm cov nroj tsuag ntau. Lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm cov piam thaj hauv kev lag luam yog cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab (thiab, tsis tshua muaj ntau ntau, cellulose), uas yog hydrolyzed nyob rau hauv muaj cov ntxhia kua ntxhia:

Tshuaj qauv. Glucose hais txog aldoses, thiab los ntawm tus lej ntawm cov pa roj carbon atoms rau hexoses:

Ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov qauv ntawm monosaccharides yog lawv qhov xam nrog isomerism. Cov kua nplaum muaj ntau lub asymmetric carbon atoms, uas yog plaub, thiab yog li ntawd nws yog qhov txawv ntawm isomerism (stereoisomerism).

Yog tias muaj n asymmetric chaw nyob hauv cov molecule, feem ntau, tus naj npawb ntawm qhov ntsuas ntawm isomers yog qhia los ntawm tus qauv 2 n.

2 4 = 16. Yog li ntawd, 16 tus tso suab, 8 khub ntawm antipodes (enantiomers) yog ua tau rau cov piam thaj.

Txhawm rau qhia txog qhov sib thooj ntawm txhua tus nyias nyias, cov khoom noj khoom haus carbohydrates (zoo li lwm yam khoom zoo), raws li lub tswv yim ntawm M.A. Rozanov, tau muab faib ua ob kab: D-kab thiab L-kab. Cov sawv cev yooj yim tshaj plaws ntawm cov radas no tau kho qhov muag tiv thaiv glycerol aldehyde:

D-glycerol aldehyde tau hu ua dextrorotatory stereoisomer, uas muaj pawg OH ntawm sab xis ntawm cov pa roj carbon asymmetric carbon atom thaum cov saw tau sau los ntawm pawg aldehyde. L-isomer nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no muaj OH pab pawg nyob sab laug. Qhov no yog qee qhov piv txwv ntawm optical isomers.

Cov xwm txheej hauv qab no yog lees txais: cov tshuaj uas tuaj yeem tau los ntawm D-glycerol aldehyde los ntawm kev ntxiv cov pa roj carbon hlau rau pawg aldehyde nyob rau hauv D-series. Ib txoj haujlwm zoo li no siv rau L-kab.

Carbohydrates yog tus cwj pwm txawv ntawm lub xeev qhov nruab nrab ntawm kab thiab ib puag ncig ncig, thiab hauv oligosaccharides lawv tau tshwj rau hauv daim ntawv cyclic:

Cov pab pawg hydroxyl ntawm tsib lub roj carbon atom ntxiv rau cov koom ua ke ntawm aldehyde, coj mus rau hauv tus nqi ntawm lub siab valence, qhov no ua rau kev tsim ntawm sab hauv cyclic hemiacetal. Cyclization ua rau kev tsim ntawm kev ruaj khov rau-ntiv nplhaib, uas yog hu ua pyranose.

Semi-acetal hydroxyl, nyeg, ua rau nws muaj peev xwm:
1. Ua kom tiav acetals nrog lwm cov suab thaj thiab cov khoom sib xyaw uas muaj NH₂- thiab OH-.
2. Daim ntawv polymer qauv.

Thaum lub voj voog ncig mus ncig ua si, cov pa roj carbon atom ntawm carbonyl pawg hloov mus rau hauv ib qho asymmetric. Ntawm qhov tsim tshiab no asymmetric carbon atom, hydrogen atom thiab hydroxyl pawg tuaj yeem muab ob qho: H-sab laug, OH-xis thiab, hloov, H-sab xis, OH-laug. Xws li isomers sib txawv hauv kev npaj ntawm hemi-acetal hydroxyl yog hu ua anomers. Txhawm rau paub qhov txawv ntawm anomers, cov kab ke hauv qab no yog siv: α- thiab β-, α-Anomer muaj cov roj av semi-acetal hydroxyl nyob rau tib sab ntawm pawg OH, qhia tias monosaccharide belongs rau D- lossis L-series, β-anomer yog lwm yam.

Pharmacopoeial piam thaj yog α-D-piam thaj:

Crystallization dej ntawm cov piam thaj ua rau 10% ntawm nws cov hniav puas.

KhoomCov. Cov hmoov dawb crystalline hmoov, saj tsis qab. Yooj yim soluble hauv dej, nyuaj hauv cawv, xyaum insoluble hauv ether.

Cov qhabnias.

1. Organoleptic lub ntsiab lus (qab zib qab zib).

2. Kev sib cuam tshuam nrog Felling reagent (kev tsim cov nag lossis daus ntawm tooj liab oxide), Nessler (kev tsim cov nag lossis daus ntawm mercury), cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm lub iav nyiaj.

3. Thaum rhuab nrog thymol thiab mloog zoo sulfuric acid, lub teeb xim tsaus xim. Vim muaj cov suab thaj hauv lub cev, cov lus tso tawm furfural derivative yog tsim, uas reacts nrog thymol los ua ib qho aurine zas:

4. Thaum rhuab nrog resorcinol thiab dilute hydrochloric acid, cov xim liab xim.

5. Qhov tsim ntawm azazones nrog phenylhydrazine (daj crystalline nag lossis daus):

Kev Huv HuvCov. Cov kua nplaum muaj qhov kev sib hloov tshwj xeeb, yog dextrorotatory hauv FS. Lub sij hawm nruab nrab ntawm kev sib hloov tshwj xeeb raug tso cai, qhov hnyav tau qhia, qhov siab ntawm kev daws). Transparency, xim, acidity, feem ntau lees txais chlorides, sulfates, calcium. Inadmissible impurities: barium, dextran.

Kev txiav txim siab txog qhov kev hloov tshwj xeeb α_D 20 20. Lub xub ntiag ntawm ntau lub chaw haujlwm asymmetric hauv cov kua nplaum ntawm lub ntsej muag ua rau ua haujlwm kho qhov muag nrog lub suab sib hloov ntawm lub dav hlau ntawm lub teeb ci. Los ntawm ntsuas lub kaum sab xis ntawm lub teeb ci ntsa iab loj tig, cov kev sib hloov tshwj xeeb tuaj yeem xam tau. Hauv kev daws teeb meem qab zib tshiab, qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib pauv hloov tshwm sim, uas yog kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov ntau ntawm kev sib hloov, mus txog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig tom qab lub sijhawm. Qhov kev hloov pauv tuaj yeem piav qhia los ntawm qhov tseeb tias yog kev daws teeb meem ntawm cov piam thaj, uas yog nyob rau hauv lub xeev crystalline nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv cyclic, nws daim ntawv aldehyde yog tsim, los ntawm cov txheej txheem anomeric cyclic ntawm cov piam thaj tau txais: α- thiab β-cov ntawv, uas txawv hauv kev npaj ntawm cov hloov pauv ntawm thawj cov pa roj carbon atom, hauv kev sib txuas. nrog uas lawv muaj cov txiaj ntsig sib txawv ntawm kev sib hloov. Kev sib hloov tshwj xeeb yog ib qho tas mus li ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb yaj kiab. Kev sib hloov tshwj xeeb yog txiav txim siab los ntawm kev txiav txim siab raws li lub kaum sab xis ntawm kev sib hloov ntawm lub dav hlau polarized monochromatic lub teeb ntawm txoj kab ntev ntawm 1 dm hauv nruab nrab uas muaj cov khoom siv hauv lub vev xaib, nrog rau cov xwm txheej txo ntawm qhov siab ntawm cov khoom no rau tus nqi ntawm 1 g / ml.

Qhov ntau ntawm qhov kev sib hloov tshwj xeeb yog xam:
α = (α · 100) / (l · c) (rau kev daws teeb meem ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw)

Qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev hloov pauv tuaj yeem nrawm nrawm los ntawm ntxiv ammonia rau cov kua nplaum nyob rau.

Kev ntsuas kom paub tseebCov. Qhov kev txiav txim siab tsis ntau ntawm cov tshuaj pharmacopeia tam sim no tsis muab rau. Hauv cov ntawv txhaj, refractometry yog siv. Ntawm cov kev uas tsis yog-pharmacopeia siv rau qhov kev txiav txim siab ntau ntawm cov piam thaj yuav tsum raug sau tseg:

1. Iodometricrov qab txheej txheem txheej txheem, i.e. titration ntawm tshaj iodine tom qab oxidation. Willstatter hom. Hauv qhov nruab nrab ua kua los yog carbonate nrog ib qho dhau ntawm iodine, nws yog oxidized rau cov kua qaub (gluconic). Iodine yog titrated nrog sodium thiosulfate.

2. Iodometrictom qab oxidation ntawm Nessler lub reagents.

3. Permanganatometric(Bertrand Txuj Ci). Kev qhia ncaj qha rau txoj kev them ib feem kaum. Cov txheej txheem yog xaiv los ntawm kev xaiv oxidation ntawm pawg aldehyde nrog Felling reagent, tom qab ntawd los ntxiv cov kua txiv ntsev rau cov kev daws, uas nyob rau hauv lem yog titrated nrog potassium permanganate tov.

Qhov Zoo Sib Xws = 1/2.

4. Refractometrytxujci. Ua raws li qhov refractive index ntawm cov kua nplaum.

5. Polarimetrictxujci.

ThovCov. Cov kua nplaum ua ke yog siv los ua cov kab mob yooj yim rau kev zom cov tsiaj txhu. Siv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov kev daws rau kev tswj kav: 5%, 10%, 20%, thiab 40%. Hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov ntsiav tshuaj, 0.5 g thiab 1.0 g, nrog rau hauv ua ke nrog cov vitamins thiab lwm yam tshuaj.
CiaCov. Hauv lub thawv kaw zoo hauv qhov chaw qhuav.

Kev ruaj khov ntawm cov kua nplaum.

Kev hno cov kua qab zib daws tau siv dav dav thiab feem ntau tau npaj hauv cov khw muag tshuaj. Thaum xaiv cov tshuaj khov kho rau cov kua nplaum ua kua, nws yog qhov tsim nyog yuav tsum coj mus rau hauv tus account ntau yam xwm txheej ntawm cov khoom no. Cov kua nplaum tsis ruaj khov nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig alkaline, hauv qab ntawm oxygen, hydroxy acids yog tsim: glycolic, levulinic, formic thiab hydroxymethyl furfural. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv cov txheej txheem no, cov kua qabzib daws teeb meem nrog 0.1 mol / L HC1 tov rau pH ntawm 3.0-4.0. Nws tau raug pov thawj tias nyob ntawm pH 3.0 muaj qhov tsawg tshaj ntawm 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, uas muaj cov nyhuv nephrohepatotoxic. Cov kua nplaum tsis ruaj khov nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig acid-D-gluconic acid thiab nws cov lactones yog tsim, vim lawv cov oxidation, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum lub caij ua kom tsis muaj menyuam, 5-hydroxymethylfur-fural yog tsim, ua rau muaj kev hais daws teeb meem.

Cov kua qab nyob rau hauv GLF raws li GF X1 yog ruaj khov los ntawm kev ntxiv 0.2 g ntawm NaCl rau 1 liv ntawm kev daws teeb meem thiab 0.1 mol / L HCl daws rau pH ntawm 3.0-4.0.

Tam sim no, ntseeg tau tias NaCl ua ke nrog Hcl tsim cov txheej txheem dej qab zib tsis muaj zog nyob hauv thaj chaw nruab nrab thiab acidic. Hauv ib lub tsev muag tshuaj, cov stabilizer tau npaj raws li hauv qab no:

NaCl - 5.2 g.
Diluted hydrochloric acid 4.4 ml
Dej rau kev txhaj tshuaj txog li 1 liter.

Hauv kev tsim cov kua nplaum ntawm cov kua qab zib, tsis hais txog nws cov kev kub siab, ntxiv 5% ntawm cov stabilizer no.

Oligosaccharides.Saccharum qab zib.

Yuav muaj suab thaj los ntawm cov piam thaj beets lossis kab tsib. Nws yog ib qho tsis ncaj ncees, muaj ob lub monosaccharides: D - (+) - qabzib thiab D - (-) - fructose:

Kev piav qhiaCov. Cov khoom dawb lub pob zeb ci qauv qauv, ntxhiab tsw, tsw qab. Soluble heev nyob rau hauv dej.

Hais txog cov piam thaj tsis kom txo, vim yog tsis muaj ib nrab pawg-acetal hydroxy pab pawg, tsis muab tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog Felling tov, thiab tsuas yog muaj peev xwm los tsim cov ethers thiab esters. Cov tshuaj tau yooj yim hydrolyzed nyob ib puag ncig txawm tias tsis muaj zog acids.

Cov qhabniasCov. Cov tshuaj yog tov nrog tov ntawm Co (TSIS TSIS TAU₃)₂ thiab NaOH daws, violet staining tshwm sim. Nrog resorcinol thiab dilute hydrochloric acid - liab staining.
Kev sib hloov tshwj xeeb yog los ntawm +66.5 txog + 66.8º (10 daws aqueous). Qhov ntau ntau rau kev txiav txim siab hom yog polarimetric.

ThovCov. Raws li muab tub lim rau hauv cov ntsiav tshuaj thiab hmoov, raws nws, cov kua dej tau npaj, siv ob qho tib si raws li cov ntawv tshuaj thiab rau kev kho ntawm GLF.

Lactose.Saccharum lactis.

4- (β-D-galactopyranosido) - D-glucopyranose.

Kev piav qhiaCov. Muaju dawb los yog dawb crystalline hmoov, tsw ntxhiab tsw, qab qab zib. Yooj yim soluble hauv dej, yuav luag insoluble hauv ether thiab chloroform.

Cov qhabnias.
1. Nrog Felling lub reagent, xim daj los nag hloov mus ua xim av-liab.
2. Nrog resorcinol thiab hydrochloric acid ntawm qhov kub kom txias - daj daj.
3. Kev tshwj xeeb tig ntawm +52 txog +53.2 (5% aqueous tov).

Kev txiav txim kom muaj nuj nqis.
1. Iodometric
2. Polarimetric.

Thov siv raws li muab tub lim hauv GLF.

Polysaccharides.Amilum-hmoov txhuv nplej siab.

Tau cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab los ntawm cov qoob loo thiab cov qos yaj ywm. Nws yog kev sib xyaw ntawm polysaccharides nrog cov qauv mis dav dav (C₆N₁₀Oh₅)_xCov. Cov hmoov nplej molecule suav nrog α-D-glucopyranose cov seem, uas txawv ntawm txhua lwm yam ntawm cov degree ntawm polymerization thiab qhov xwm ntawm cov pob txha. Cov polysaccharides uas ua cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab tuaj yeem faib ua ob feem: amylose thiab amylopectinCov. Amylose muaj cov qauv tsim tshwj xeeb nrog tus hniav puas loj ntawm 30000-160000. Nws cov lwg me dej yog tsim los ntawm units-D-glucopyranose units, tab sis txuas nrog hauv 1 → 4 txoj haujlwm:

Amylopectin yog ib qho muaj roj ntau polysaccharide. Cov ntawv cog lus yog hauv txoj haujlwm 1-4 thiab 1-6. Cov hniav puas yog los ntawm 100,000 txog 1,000,000.

Derivatives ntawm carbohydrates. Glucosamine. Nws yog ib qho amino derivative ntawm qabzib. Lub ntuj yog crab plhaub, cws thiab lwm yam chitin-npaj. Tau los ntawm acid hydrolysis ntawm oligosaccharide - chitosan:

Nws yog siv los ua tus neeg sawv cev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv thiab muaj tus txheej txheem pob txha txha pob txha pob txha rau nws kho. Nws yog ib feem ntawm ntau cov ntawv siv tshuaj thiab siv tau ntawm nws tus kheej hauv daim ntawv ntawm hydrochloride.

ChondroitinCov. Oligoaminosaccharide, uas yog ib ntu ntawm pob txha mos. Nws yog siv los ua tshuaj hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov ntsiav tshuaj thiab tshuaj pleev.

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides: carbohydrates hauv qhov piv txwv

Monosaccharides thiab disaccharides yog cov carbohydrates yooj yim uas muaj qab qab zib.

Nws yog vim li no uas lawv raug hu ua suab thaj. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis yog txhua txhua qab zib muaj qab zib tib yam.

Lawv nkag mus rau hauv lub cev los ntawm cov khoom noj thaum ib tus neeg cov ntawv qhia zaub mov muaj cov khoom keeb kwm, xws li txiv hmab txiv ntoo, zaub thiab txiv ntoo.

Raws li txoj cai, cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tag nrho cov ntsiab lus qab zib, qabzib, fructose thiab sucrose muaj lub rooj tshwj xeeb hauv cov khoom uas muaj ntau yam.

Yog tias carbohydrates yooj yim muaj lub qab zib saj, tom qab ntawd ua cov carbohydrates, uas hu ua polysaccharides, tsis txhob.

Nta ntawm qabzib

• Glucose yog monosaccharide siv los tsim cov tseem ceeb polysaccharides xws li cellulose, glycogen, thiab cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab. Nws muaj nyob hauv cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo, txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab zaub, los ntawm kev nws nkag mus rau hauv cov hlab ntshav.
• Monosaccharides nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov piam thaj muaj peev xwm muaj peev xwm muab kev cuam tshuam sai thiab nrawm thaum lawv nkag mus rau lub plab zom mov. Tom qab cov piam thaj nkag mus rau hauv cov ntshav, nws pib nkag rau hauv tag nrho cov ntaub so ntswg thiab cov plab hnyuv siab raum, qhov twg tshwm sim oxidative, uas ua rau lub zog raug tso tawm.

Rau lub hlwb hlwb, cov kua nplaum nyob ntawm lub zog tsuas yog qhov ua kom muaj zog, yog li nrog qhov tsis muaj carbohydrates hauv lub cev, lub hlwb pib txom nyem.

Nws nyob rau theem ntawm cov piam thaj hauv cov ntshav uas tus neeg lub siab xav noj thiab kev coj noj coj ua nyob ntawm seb.

Yog hais tias monosaccharides yog cov mloog zoo hauv qhov ntau, qhov hnyav nce lossis kev rog yuav pom.

Fructose Nta

1. Cov carbohydrates yooj yim, uas yog fructose, thaum nqus mus rau hauv cov hnyuv, yog nqus ob zaug kom qeeb li qabzib. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, monosaccharides muaj lub peculiarity ntawm kev nyob hauv lub siab ntev ntev.
2. Thaum cov metabolism hauv cellular tshwm sim, fructose yog hloov pauv mus rau cov piam thaj. Lub caij no, cov ntshav qab zib hauv lub cev tsis nce siab zuj zus, tab sis kuj muaj qhov nce thiab maj mam nce ntawm qhov ntsuas. Cov cwj pwm no tsis xav tau kev tso tawm sai sai ntawm qhov tsim nyog xav tau ntawm cov tshuaj insulin, hauv kev sib txuas nrog qhov no, qhov kev thauj ntawm lub ntsej muag txo.
3. Muab piv rau cov piam thaj, fructose sai sai thiab yooj yim hloov mus rau hauv cov roj ntsha, uas ua rau cov rog rog. Raws li kws kho mob, nws yog tom qab noj cov zaub mov uas muaj ntau txoj hau kev uas cov neeg mob ntshav qab zib nce ntxiv. Vim tias muaj ntau dhau ntawm cov C-peptides nyob rau hauv cov ntshav, muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv insulin, uas ua rau muaj qhov tshwm sim ntawm hom 2 ntshav qab zib mellitus.
4. Monosaccharides xws li fructose tuaj yeem pom hauv cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab txiv ntoo tshiab. Nrog rau cov suab thaj no yuav muaj cov kab mob fructose polysaccharides, uas muaj cov khoom qab zib, Jerusalem artichoke thiab artichoke.

Lwm qhov yooj yim carbohydrates

Ib tus neeg tau txais galactose los ntawm mis qab zib, uas yog hu ua lactose. Feem ntau cov feem ntau, nws tuaj yeem nrhiav pom hauv cov yoghurts thiab lwm cov khoom fermented ntawm cov khoom noj hauv keeb kwm. Tom qab nkag mus rau hauv daim siab, galactose yog hloov pauv rau cov piam thaj.

Kev tsis ncaj ncees feem ntau tsim hauv kev tsim kho. Cov khoom muaj npe nrov yog sucrose lossis cov piam thaj tsis tu ncua, uas peb yuav khoom hauv khw muag khoom. Nws yog tsim los ntawm qab zib beets thiab kab tsib.

Xws li sucrose pom hauv melons, dib, ib co zaub thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo. Cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw no muaj peev xwm zom tau yooj yim thiab nrawm rau hauv fructose thiab qabzib.

Txij hnub no disaccharides thiab monosaccharides tau siv rau hauv kev npaj ntau lub tais thiab yog ib feem ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb, muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev noj zaub mov ntau dhau ntawm carbohydrates. Qhov no ua rau qhov tseeb tias ib tus neeg cov insulin qib hauv cov ntshav nce ntxiv, cov roj ntsha tau los ntawm lub ntsej muag, thiab cov lipid ntawm cov ntshav tau cuam tshuam.

Tag nrho cov tshwm sim no tuaj yeem kawg rau kev txhim kho mob ntshav qab zib mellitus, kev rog rog, atherosclerosis thiab lwm yam kab mob uas tau raws cov kab mob no.

• Raws li koj paub, rau txoj kev loj hlob tag nrho ntawm cov menyuam yaus xav tau cov carbohydrates yooj yim. Hauv qhov no, kev tsis ncaj ncees xws li lactose yog qhov tseem ceeb, yog ib feem ntawm cov khoom muaj mis.
• Txij li thaum kev noj haus ntawm cov laus tau dav dua, qhov tsis muaj lactose yog them los ntawm kev siv lwm yam khoom. Tsis tas li, qhov ntau npaum li cas cov mis nyuj tsis pom zoo rau cov neeg laus, raws li qhov kev ua si ntawm cov lactose enzyme, uas tawg cov kev tsis haum no, txo nrog lub hnub nyoog.
• Txwv tsis pub, mob dyspeptic tuaj yeem tshwm sim vim kev qaug rau khoom siv mis nyuj. Yog tias hloov mis nyuj, kefir, yogurts, qaub cream, cheese lossis tsev cheese tau qhia rau hauv kev noj zaub mov, koj tuaj yeem zam qhov kev cuam tshuam zoo li no hauv lub cev.
• Raws li qhov kev puas tsuaj ntawm polysaccharide nyob rau hauv lub plab zom mov, maltose yog tsim. Tsis tas li, cov kev tsis ncaj ncees no hu ua malt suab thaj. Lawv yog ib feem ntawm zib ntab, malt, npias, zib suab thaj, confectionery thiab khoom bakery, nyob rau hauv uas zib suab yog ntxiv. Tom qab kev noj ntawm maltose, txog li ob lub piam thaj molecules sib cais.
• Sorbitol yog ib daim ntawv rov qab los ntawm cov ntshav qabzib uas tswj cov ntshav qab zib, tsis ua rau muaj kev tshaib plab, thiab tsis ua rau lub zog insulin. Sorbitol muaj cov kua qab zib thiab yog siv dav hauv kev tsim khoom rau cov khoom qab zib. Txawm li cas los xij, xws li cov dej cawv polyhydric muaj qhov tsis zoo ntawm kev cuam tshuam kev ua haujlwm ntawm txoj hnyuv, ua rau lub cev tsis ua haujlwm thiab tsim muaj roj.

Polysaccharides thiab lawv cov yam ntxwv

Polysaccharides yog cov carbohydrates uas nyuaj, uas suav nrog monosaccharides ntau yam, uas cov piam thaj feem ntau pom. Cov no suav nrog fiber, glycogen, thiab cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab.

Tsis zoo li mono thiab disaccharides, polysaccharides tsis muaj cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb ntawm kev nkag mus rau hauv cov hlwb. Ib zaug hauv cov hnyuv, lawv zom zom. Raws li kev zam, fiber ntau tsis zom.

Vim li no, nws tsis ua cov npluav roj (carbohydrates), tab sis pab txhawb nqa mus ua haujlwm li qub ntawm cov hnyuv.

Carbohydrates muaj ntau qhov hauv cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab, vim li no nws ua lawv lub hauv paus tseem ceeb. Cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab yog cov khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig uas tau muab tso rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg cog. Qhov ntau ntau ntawm nws yog pom hauv cereals thiab legumes. Vim nws cov zaub mov muaj txiaj ntsig, hmoov txhuv nplej siab suav tau tias yog khoom muaj txiaj ntsig.

Lub ntsiab lus thiab cov txheej txheem tsim ntawm cov neeg ua liaj ua teb, lawv txoj haujlwm. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm monosaccharides: kev faib tawm, isomerism, cov khoom siv lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg, cov xwm txheej, qhov chaw. Sib cais ntawm cov carbohydrates rau hauv oligosaccharides thiab polysaccharides, lawv cov qauv thiab hom.

Cov ntaub ntawv zoo sib xws

Carbohydrates raws li ib pawg ntawm polyhydroxyaldehydes, lawv cov qauv thiab cov khoom siv tshuaj, kev faib tawm thiab hom: monosaccharides, oligosaccharides thiab polysaccharides. Glycolysis thiab Krebs phaum. Kev cai ntawm cov metabolism hauv metabolism. Kev muaj roj kab mob fructose thev tsis tau.

sij hawm ntawv 422,5 K, ntxiv 03/07/2015

Kev faib tawm cov carbohydrates (monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides) yog cov feem ntau cov organic sib txuas. Tshuaj muaj zog ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw, nws lub luag haujlwm hauv khoom noj khoom haus yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub zog, tus yam ntxwv thiab qhov chaw nyob hauv qab ntawm cov tib neeg.

Abstract 212.0 K, ntxiv rau Kaum Ob Hlis 20, 2010

Tus qauv ntawm carbohydrates. Lub tshuab ntawm kev sib kis ntawm cov kua nplaum thiab lwm yam monosaccharides hauv lub xias. Monosaccharides thiab oligosaccharides. Tus txheej txheem ntawm kev nqus ntawm monosaccharides hauv txoj hnyuv. Phosphorylation ntawm qabzib. Dephosphorylation qabzib-6-phosphate. Glycogen hluavtaws.

kev nthuav qhia 1,3 M, ntxiv 12/22/2014

Kev ua haujlwm thiab kev faib tawm cov carbohydrates - lub tebchaw polyfunctional. Monosaccharides - pentoses: ribose, deoxyribose. Monosaccharides - hexoses: qabzib, fructose. Kev tsis ncaj ncees: sucrose. Maltose (malt qab zib). Polysaccharides: hmoov txhuv nplej siab, cellulose (fiber).

kev nthuav qhia 935,8 K, ntxiv 03/17/2015

Organic teeb meem uas muaj cov carbon, oxygen, thiab hydrogen. Cov mis mos dav dav rau cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj pes tsawg carbohydrates. Cov qauv thiab cov khoom tsis zoo ntawm cov monosaccharides, kev siv tshuaj tsis sib haum thiab polysaccharides. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm carbohydrates hauv tib neeg lub cev.

kev nthuav qhia 1,6 M, ntxiv rau 10/23/2016

Cov qauv ntawm carbohydrates, lawv kev faib tawm. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm carbohydrates. Synthesis ntawm carbohydrates los ntawm formaldehyde. Cov khoom siv ntawm monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides. Hydrolysis ntawm hmoov txhuv nplej siab los ntawm cov enzymes uas muaj nyob hauv malt. Cawv thiab lactic acid fermentation.

Kev nthuav qhia 487.0 K, Ntxiv 01/20/2015

Cov mis mos dav dav ntawm carbohydrates, lawv qhov tseem ceeb biochemical tseem ceeb, nthuav dav hauv xwm thiab lub luag haujlwm hauv tib neeg lub neej. Cov hom carbohydrates los ntawm cov qauv siv tshuaj: yooj yim thiab cov khoom siv (mono- thiab polysaccharides). Cov khoom lag luam ntawm cov synthesis ntawm carbohydrates los ntawm formaldehyde.

tswj txoj haujlwm 602.6 K, ntxiv rau 1/24/2011

Carbohydrates raws li cov organic tshuaj, cov molecules ntawm uas muaj li ntawm carbon, hydrogen thiab oxygen atoms, paub txog kev faib tawm: oligosaccharides, polysaccharides. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm monosaccharides: qabzib, txiv mab txiv ntoo qab zib, deoxyribose.

Kev nthuav qhia 1.6 M, ntxiv 03/18/2013

Txoj kev tshawb no ntawm cov qauv, kev faib tawm thiab physico-tshuaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm carbohydrates. Lub luag haujlwm ntawm monosaccharides nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua pa thiab photosynthesis. Lub luag haujlwm roj ntsha ntawm fructose thiab galactose. Lub tswv yim ua haujlwm ntawm aldose lossis ketose. Lub cev thiab tshuaj cov khoom ntawm monosaccharides.

daim ntawv qhia 289,2 K, ntxiv 11/28/2014

Kev faib tawm, cov khoom siv lub cev thiab tshuaj ntawm polysaccharides. Hydrolysis ntawm hmoov txhuv nplej siab los ntawm cov enzymes thiab acids. Cov nroj tsuag tshuaj thiab cov ntaub ntawv nyoos muaj polysaccharides (homoglycosides, polyoses, glycans, holosides). Daim ntawv thov hauv kev kho mob.

Abstract 84,2 K, ntxiv 08/23/2013