Lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov protein nyob hauv tib neeg lub cev

Qhov tseem ceeb heev ntawm cov protein rau lub cev yog vim lawv cov haujlwm.

Cov kev pib ua haujlwm ntawm cov protein qhia qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov chav kawm ntawm cov tshuaj txhawm rau kom ntseeg tau txog tib neeg lub neej.

Nyob rau tiam 19, cov kws tshawb fawb tau hais tias:

• protein lub cev yog qhov tshwj xeeb, lub ntsiab ntawm lub neej,
• kev siv cov metabolism hauv cov ciaj thiab cov ib puag ncig xav tau.

Cov kev cai no tsis hloov pauv mus txog tam sim no.

Qhov yooj yim muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov nqaijrog

Cov koog loj loj ntawm cov protein uas yooj yim hu ua cov protein yog tsim los ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm cov pob zeb me me - cov amino acids nrog cov zoo sib xws thiab sib txawv me me. Cov qauv sib txuam no hu ua heteropolymers. Tsuas yog 20 tus neeg sawv cev ntawm chav kawm ntawm cov amino acids yog ib txwm pom nyob hauv cov tshuaj ntuj. Qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov protein yog pom los ntawm qhov muaj cov pa roj carbon monoxide - kev tiv thaiv, C, nitrogen - N, hydrogen - H, oxygen - O. Sulfur - S feem ntau pom muaj. Raws li, phosphorus - P, tooj liab - Cu, hlau - Fe, iodine - Kuv, thiab selenium - Se tej zaum yuav nyob rau hauv lawv muaj pes tsawg leeg.

Aminocarboxylic acids ntawm cov proteins uas ntuj tau muab faib los ntawm cov qauv hauv tshuaj lom neeg thiab qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev lom neeg. Kev faib tawm tshuaj yog qhov tseem ceeb rau cov neeg ua tshuaj lom neeg, lom neeg - rau txhua tus.

Hauv tib neeg lub cev yeej ib txwm muaj ob ntws ntawm kev hloov pauv tshiab:

• kev tawg, oxidation, pov tseg cov zaub mov,
• kev sib txuas ntawm lom neeg ntawm cov tshuaj tshiab tshiab.

12 cov amino acids los ntawm ib txwm pom nyob hauv cov protein tawm tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm roj ntsha tsim ntawm tib neeg lub cev. Lawv hu ua kev sib hloov ua tau.

8 cov amino acids yeej tsis coj los ua tib neeg. Lawv yog qhov tseem ceeb, yuav tsum tau muab cov khoom noj tsis tu ncua.

Raws li qhov muaj tseem ceeb ntawm amino-carboxylic acids, cov roj ntsha tau muab faib ua ob chav kawm.

• Cov protein ua tiav tau tag nrho cov amino acids uas xav tau los ntawm tib neeg lub cev. Cov teeb tsa ntawm cov amino acids tseem ceeb muaj cov protein ntawm tsev cheese, khoom noj siv mis, nqaij qaib, nqaij ntawm nqaij nyuj, hiav txwv thiab ntses dej ntshiab ntses, qe.

• Hauv cov protein tsis xws luag, ib lossis ntau cov acids tseem ceeb yuav tsis muaj. Cov no suav nrog cov nroj tsuag protein.

Txhawm rau ntsuas cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov protein ua noj, lub zej zog kev kho mob hauv ntiaj teb muab piv rau lawv nrog cov "zoo tagnrho" protein, uas tau txheeb xyuas cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov amino acids uas tseem ceeb thiab tseem ceeb. Hauv cov xwm, cov "zoo tagnrho" protein tsis muaj nyob. Raws li ze rau nws raws li cov tsiaj proteins. Cov khoom cog cog yog feem ntau tsis txaus rau qhov kev xav ntau ntawm ib lossis ntau ntau cov amino acids. Yog tias cov tshuaj plam ploj, cov protein yuav ua tiav.

Lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm cov protein ntawm tsob ntoo thiab tsiaj keeb kwm

Hauv zej zog scientific hauv zej zog koom nrog txoj kev kawm txhua yam txog zaub mov គីមី khoom noj, ib pawg kws tshaj lij A.P. Nechaev, nws cov npoj yaig, thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm sawv. Pab pawg tau txiav txim siab cov protein ntau hauv cov khoom noj tseem ceeb muaj nyob rau ntawm Lavxias khw.

• Tseem Ceeb! Cov naj npawb tseeb qhia txog cov ntsiab lus protein nyob hauv 100 g ntawm cov khoom, tso tawm los ntawm qhov inedible.

• Qhov ntau tshaj plaws ntawm cov protein yog pom hauv cov kua ntses, cov noob taub dag, thiab cov txiv laum huab xeeb (34.9 - 26.3 g).
• Cov txiaj ntsig los ntawm 20 txog 30 grams yog pom hauv cov taum pauv, taum, pistachios, thiab noob paj noob hlis.
• Almonds, cashews, hazelnuts yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov lej los ntawm 15 txog 20 gr.
• Walnuts, nplej zom, feem ntau cov cereals (tshwj tsis yog mov, pob kws nplej) muaj ntawm 10 txog 15 gram ntawm protein nyob hauv 100 grams ntawm cov khoom lag luam.
• Cov txhuv, pob kws nplej, mov ci, qij, apricots qhuav poob hauv qhov ntau ntawm 5 txog 10 gr.
• Hauv 100 grams cov zaub qhwv, nceb, qos yaj ywm, prunes, qee cov kab ntau yam, cov ntsiab lus protein yog li 2 txog 5 grams.
• Raisins, radishes, carrots, kua txob qab zib muaj cov protein tsawg me, lawv qhov ntsuas tsis tshaj 2 grams.

Yog tias koj tsis tuaj yeem nrhiav pom cov khoom cog ntawm no, tom qab ntawd cov protein ntau hauv nws qis heev lossis nws tsis nyob txhua. Piv txwv, hauv cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo muaj protein ntau me me, hauv cov roj zaub ntsuab - tsis txhua.

• Qhov siab tshaj ntawm cov protein ntau tau pom hauv cov ntses pas ntses, ua cov tawv thiab ua tiav, thiab nqaij luav (los ntawm 21.1 txog 28.9 g).
• Coob tus ntawm cov khoom muaj los ntawm 15 txog 10 gram ntawm cov protein. Qhov no yog noog, ntses hiav txwv (tshwj tsis yog capelin), nqaij nyuj, cws, squid, tsev cheese, feta cheese, ntses dej ntses tshiab.
• Capelin, qe qaib, nqaij npuas muaj 12.7 txog 15 gram ntawm protein rau 100 grams ntawm cov khoom lag luam.
• Yogurt, curd cheese yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm tus lej 5 - 7.1 gr.
• Mis, kefir, fermented ci mis nyuj, qaub cream, cream muaj los ntawm 2.8 mus rau 3 gram ntawm cov protein.

Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov protein ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj keeb kwm hauv cov khoom uas tau muaj ntau theem kev siv tshuab (stew, sausages, ham, sausages) tsis muaj kev txaus siab. Lawv tsis pom zoo kom noj kom zoo. Kev siv sijhawm nrawm ntawm cov khoom zoo li no tsis tseem ceeb.

Lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov protein hauv kev noj haus

Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov khoom siv hauv lub cev hauv lub cev, cov protein tshiab molecules tau tsim los tas li, hloov cov qub. Tus nqi ntawm cov hluavtaws sib txawv hauv cov kabmob sib txawv tsis zoo li qub. Cov tshuaj hormones, piv txwv, insulin, kho dua tshiab (rov kho dua) sai heev, hauv teev, feeb. Cov protein ntau ntawm daim siab, cov hnyuv plab hnyuv plab tau rov ua dua li ntawm 10 hnub. Protein lwg me me ntawm lub hlwb, cov leeg, cov nqaij txuas ua ke tau rov qab ua lub sijhawm ntev tshaj plaws, rov kho dua tshiab (rov kho dua) tuaj yeem ntev txog rau lub hlis.

Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev siv thiab ua kom sib txuas tau pom los ntawm nitrogen tsis muaj qhov sib npaug.

• Hauv tus neeg tsim nrog muaj kev noj qab haus huv tag nrho, qhov nyiaj tshuav nitrogen yog xoom. Hauv qhov no, tag nrho cov pa roj carbon ntau ntawm nitrogen muab nrog cov protein thaum khoom noj khoom haus yog sib npaug nrog cov huab hwm coj tawm nrog cov khoom kom lwj.
• Cov kab mob hluas tab tom loj hlob sai. Nitrogen tshuav nyiaj yog qhov zoo. Muaj protein ntau, tsawg yog yog tawm.
• Hauv cov laus, cov neeg mob, qhov sib npaug ntawm nitrogen yog qhov tsis zoo. Qhov loj ntawm nitrogen tso tawm nrog cov khoom lag luam metabolic ntau dua qhov tau txais nrog kev noj mov.

Lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov protein nyob hauv khoom noj khoom haus yog los muab tus neeg nrog qhov yuav tsum tau ntawm amino acid cov khoom siv haum rau kev koom nrog hauv cov txheej txheem biochemical ntawm lub cev.

Yuav kom ntseeg tau cov metabolism hauv ib txwm, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub txog ntau npaum li cas cov protein uas ib tug neeg xav tau ib hnub.

Cov kws kho mob hauv tebchaws thiab Asmeskas pom zoo kom noj 0.8 - 1 g ntawm protein rau 1 kg ntawm tib neeg qhov hnyav. Cov naj npawb yog qhov ntau nruab nrab. Qhov nyiaj nyob ntawm hnub nyoog, xwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm, kev ua neej ntawm ib tug neeg. Qhov nruab nrab, lawv pom zoo kom haus los ntawm 60 grams txog 100 gram ntawm cov protein ib hnub. Rau cov txiv neej koom nrog kev ua haujlwm hauv lub cev, qhov cai yuav nce ntxiv txog 120 grams tauj ib hnub. Rau cov uas tab tom phais, kab mob kis, tus cai kuj nce ntxiv mus txog 140 grams tauj ib hnub. Cov neeg mob ntshav qab zib tau pom zoo kom muaj pluas noj nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm protein ntau, tuaj yeem ncav cuag 140g hauv ib hnub. Cov neeg uas muaj cov teeb meem ntawm lub cev zom zaub mov, ib qho nyiam ua gout, yuav tsum haus cov protein tsis txaus. Cov cai rau lawv yog 20 - 40 grams tauj ib hnub.

Rau cov tib neeg koom nrog cov kev ua si nquag uas ua rau cov nqaij ntshiv loj, qhov hnyav nce ntxiv, tuaj yeem ncav cuag 1.6-1.8 grams tauj ib 1 kg ntawm cov neeg ncaws kis las.

• Tseem Ceeb! Nws raug nquahu rau tus kws qhia kom paub meej cov lus teb rau lo lus nug - muaj pes tsawg protein yuav tsum tau noj nyob rau ib hnub thaum qoj ib ce. Cov kws tshaj lij muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov nqi zog rau txhua yam kev qhia, txoj kev ua haujlwm kom ua haujlwm li qub ntawm cov kis las lub cev.

Rau qhov siv ntawm txhua lub zog physiological, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb tsis tsuas yog muaj cov amino acids tseem ceeb hauv cov protein, tab sis kuj qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm lawv cov kev txig. Protein lwg me me muaj qib sib txawv ntawm cov koom haum, solubility, qib ntawm kev nkag mus rau cov zom zaws zom cov zom zaub mov. 96% ntawm cov mis protein, cov qe ua kom tawg zoo. Hauv cov nqaij, ntses, 93-95% ntawm cov protein yog zom kom muaj kev nyab xeeb. Qhov tshwj tsis yog cov protein ntawm tawv nqaij thiab plaub hau. Cov zaub ua muaj protein muaj zaub zom tau 60-80%. Hauv cov zaub, 80% ntawm cov protein yog nqus tau, hauv qos yaj ywm - 70%, hauv khob cij - 62-86%.

Qhov pom zoo ntawm cov protein los ntawm cov tsiaj los yuav tsum yog 55% ntawm tag nrho cov nyiaj protein ntau.

• Protein tsawg hauv lub cev ua rau cov kev hloov pauv hauv metabolic tseem ceebCov. Cov pathologies hu ua dystrophy, kwashiorkor. Thawj thawj zaug, qhov kev ua txhaum cai tau qhia tawm hauv cov neeg nyob hauv cov tsiaj qus hauv Africa, tus cwj pwm tsis zoo rau lub cev tsis zoo, ua rau lub plab hnyuv tsis ua haujlwm, mob leeg nqaij, thiab lub cev tsis muaj kev loj hlob. Ib nrab ntawm cov protein tsis txaus tuaj yeem tshwm sim nrog cov tsos mob zoo sib xws, uas tuaj yeem ua rau me ntsis qee lub sijhawm. Qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj yog txaus ntshai yog qhov tsis muaj protein nyob rau hauv lub cev ntawm tus menyuam. Xws li kev noj zaub mov tsis zoo tuaj yeem ua rau lub cev nqaij daim tawv thiab kev txawj ntse ntawm tus neeg nce zuj zus.

• Cov protein ntau dhau hauv lub cev overloads qhov kev tso tseg rau lub cevCov. Txoj kev thauj khoom ntawm ob lub raum nce ntxiv. Nrog cov kab ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv lub raum cov ntaub so ntswg, cov txheej txheem tuaj yeem tsim kev ntxhov siab. Nws yog qhov phem heev yog tias muaj cov protein ntau dhau hauv lub cev nrog los ntawm qhov tsis muaj lwm yam khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig. Txheej thaum ub, hauv cov teb chaws Asia muaj ib txoj kev tua, qhov kev txhaum ntawd tau pub nqaij nkaus xwb. Vim li ntawd, tus neeg ua txhaum cai tuag los ntawm kev tsim cov khoom lag luam hauv txoj hnyuv, ua raws li qhov lom no.

Kev ua kom tsim nyog los muab lub cev nrog cov protein tsim kom tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo ua haujlwm ntawm txhua lub neej.

Kawm keeb kwm

Cov protein yog thawj zaug tau txais (hauv daim ntawv ntawm gluten) hauv 1728 los ntawm Italian Jacopo Bartolomeo Beccari los ntawm cov hmoov nplej nplej. Proteins tau muab cais tawm mus rau lwm chav kawm sib txawv ntawm cov roj ntsha roj ntsha hauv xyoo pua 18 xyoo los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm Fab Kis kev ua liaj ua teb Antoine de Fourcroix thiab lwm tus kws tshawb fawb uas tau sau tseg cov khoom ntiag tug ntawm cov protein kom coagulate (ua kom poob qis) nyob hauv qab ntawm cua sov lossis kua qaub. Lub sijhawm ntawd, cov protein xws li albumin ("qe dawb"), fibrin (protein los ntawm cov ntshav), thiab gluten los ntawm nplej nplej tau tshawb pom.

Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, qee cov ntaub ntawv twb tau txais ntawm cov khoom muaj protein tsawg; nws paub tias cov amino acids tau tsim thaum lub sij hawm hydrolysis ntawm cov protein. Qee tus ntawm cov amino acids (e.g. glycine thiab leucine) muaj tus yam ntxwv. Raws li kev txheeb xyuas cov tshuaj lom neeg cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cov kab mob protein, Dutch tus kws kho mob Gerrit Mulder tau xav tias yuav luag txhua cov protein muaj qhov sib luag zoo sib xws. Xyoo 1836, Mulder tawm tswv yim ua qauv thawj cov qauv tshuaj lom neeg cov protein. Raws li qhov kev tshawb xav ntawm cov radicals, nws tom qab ob peb qhov kev kho kom zoo dua tuaj rau qhov kev txiav txim siab tias qhov tsawg kawg ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm cov protein muaj cov txheej txheem hauv qab no: C₄₀H₆₂N₁₀O₁₂Cov. Nws hu ua chav tsev no "protein" (Pr) (los ntawm Greek. Protos - thawj, thawj), thiab kev tshawb xav - "kev xav protein". Lo lus "protein" nws tus kheej tau thov los ntawm Swedish chemist Jacob Berzelius. Raws li Mulder, txhua qhov protein muaj ntau chav protein, cov leej faj thiab phosphorus. Piv txwv, nws pom zoo kom sau cov mis fibrin ua 10PrSP. Mulder tseem tshawb xyuas cov khoom ntawm kev rhuav tshem cov protein - amino acids thiab rau ib qho ntawm lawv (leucine) nrog ib feem me me ntawm kev ua yuam kev, nws txiav txim siab cov molecular phaus - 131 daltons. Nrog kev tsub zuj zuj ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshiab ntawm cov nqaijrog, txoj kev xav ntawm protein pib raug thuam, tab sis, txawm tias qhov no, txog rau thaum xyoo 1850 nws tseem tseem tau lees paub thoob ntiaj teb.

Thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, feem ntau ntawm cov amino acids uas tsim cov protein tawm los tshawb xyuas. Xyoo 1880 kawg. Tus paub txog Lavxias A. Ya.Danilevsky tau sau tseg tias muaj peptide pawg (CO - NH) hauv cov protein molecule. Xyoo 1894, kws kho mob German tus kws kho mob Albrecht Kossel tso txoj kev xav raws li cov amino acids yog cov qauv tseem ceeb ntawm cov protein. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20, tus kws kho mob German Emil Fischer tau sim ua pov thawj tias cov protein muaj cov amino acid seem uas txuas nrog los ntawm cov kab peptide. Nws kuj tau ua thawj kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov amino acid ua ntu zus ntawm cov protein thiab tau piav qhia qhov tshwm sim ntawm proteolysis.

Txawm li cas los xij, lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov protein nyob hauv cov kab mob tsis tau lees paub txog xyoo 1926, thaum American chemist James Sumner (tom qab qhov khoom plig Nobel hauv Chemistry) tau qhia tias qhov urease enzyme yog protein.

Qhov kev nyuaj ntawm kev cais cov protein ntshiab ua rau nws kawm nyuaj. Yog li, thawj cov kev tshawb fawb tau nqa tawm siv cov polypeptides uas tuaj yeem ntxuav tau yooj yim hauv qhov loj, uas yog, cov ntshav muaj roj, qe qe, ntau cov co toxins, nrog rau kev zom / metabolic enzymes zais tom qab tua nyuj. Lub sijhawm xyoo 1950, lub tuam txhab Npauj Npaim Kub Co. tau tuaj yeem ua kom tshem tawm ib phaus ntawm bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A, uas tau dhau los ua lub hom phiaj sim rau ntau cov kev tshawb fawb.

Lub tswv yim hais tias tus qauv theem nrab ntawm cov protein yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tsim cov ntawv cog lus hydrogen ntawm cov amino acid seem raug tso rau pem hauv ntej los ntawm William Astbury hauv xyoo 1933, tab sis Linus Pauling yog suav tias yog thawj tus kws tshawb fawb uas muaj peev xwm ua tiav kom paub tseeb cov theem nrab ntawm cov protein. Tom qab ntawd, Walter Kauzman, tso siab rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm Kai Linnerstrom-Lang, tau pab txhawb kom nkag siab txog cov kev cai lij choj ntawm kev tsim cov qib theem ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm cov protein thiab lub luag haujlwm ntawm hydrophobic kev sib cuam tshuam hauv cov txheej txheem no. Lub sijhawm xyoo 1940 thiab thaum xyoo 1950, Frederick Senger tsim ib txoj hauv kev rau cov protein ua ntu zus, los ntawm qhov nws txiav txim siab cov amino acid sib txuas ntawm ob txoj hlua insulin los ntawm xyoo 1955, qhia tau tias cov protein muaj kab polymers ntawm cov amino acids, thiab tsis tau sib ceg (zoo li qee cov suab thaj ) txuas hlau, colloids lossis cyclols. Thawj cov protein, cov amino acid ua ntu zus ntawm uas tau tsim los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb Soviet / Lavxias, yog xyoo 1972 aspartate aminotransferase.

Thawj cov qauv tsim ntawm cov protein tau los ntawm X-ray diffraction (X-ray diffraction tsom) tau paub nyob rau xyoo 1950 thiab ຕົ້ນ 1960, thiab cov qauv tshawb pom los ntawm nuclear sib nqus resonance hauv 1980s. Hauv xyoo 2012, Protein Data Bank muaj kwv yees li ntawm 87,000 cov qauv protein.

Nyob rau lub xyoo pua 21st, kev tshawb fawb protein tau hloov mus rau qhov zoo ntawm qib tshiab, thaum tsis yog tib neeg cov protein ua kom huv si, tab sis kuj muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm cov lej thiab cov kev hloov tom qab ntawm cov lej loj ntawm cov protein ntawm ib tug neeg lub cev, cov ntaub so ntswg los yog tag nrho cov muaj sia. Qhov chaw ntawm biochemistry yog hu ua proteomics. Siv cov txheej txheem bioinformatics, nws tau ua tsis tau tsuas yog ua cov ntaub ntawv ntawm X-ray diffraction tsom, tab sis kuj twv seb cov qauv ntawm cov protein ua raws li nws cov amino acid sib lawv liag. Tam sim no, cryoelectron me me ntawm cov txheej txheem protein loj thiab qhov twv ua ntej ntawm cov ntu ntawm cov cuab yeej siv cov koos pij tawj tau nce rau qhov nruab nrab ntawm qhov tseeb ntawm qhov tseeb.

Qhov luaj li cas ntawm cov protein yuav ntsuas tau raws li cov amino acid seem los yog hauv cov daltons (lub cev nyhav), tab sis vim yog qhov loj me ntawm lub molecule, cov protein ntau tau qhia nyob rau hauv cov keeb - kilodaltons (kDa). Cov poov xab poov xab, ntawm thaj tsam nruab nrab, muaj 466 amino acid seem thiab muaj qhov hnyav molecular ntawm 53 kDa. Cov protein ntau tshaj plaws uas tam sim no paub - titin - yog ib qho kev sib xyaw ntawm cov leeg sarcomeres, lub cev nyhav ntawm nws cov ntau yam sib txawv (isoforms) sib txawv hauv qhov ntau ntawm 3000 txog 3700 kDa. Titin ntawm lub leeg soleus leeg (lat. Soleus) ntawm tus neeg muaj 38,138 amino acids.

Amphotericity

Cov protein muaj cov cuab yeej ntawm amphotericity, uas yog, nyob ntawm qhov xwm txheej, lawv ua pov thawj ob qho tib si acidic thiab theem pib. Hauv cov protein, muaj ob peb hom tshuaj lom neeg cov pawg muaj peev xwm ua tau ionization hauv kev daws teeb meem: cov carboxylic acid cov seem ntawm cov xaim txuas ntawm cov kua qaub amino acids (aspartic thiab glutamic acids) thiab cov nitrogen-pawg ntawm cov tog qaum ntawm cov amino acids (feem ntau ntawm pawg ε-amino pawg ntawm lysine thiab thaj av muaj CNH (NH)₂) arginine, rau qee qhov hnyav me ntsis - qhov imidazole histidine residue). Txhua cov protein yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm isoelectric point (pI) - nruab nrab acidity (pH), thaum tus nqi hluav taws xob tag nrho cov roj molecules ntawm cov protein no yog xoom thiab, raws li, lawv tsis txav hauv thaj chaw hluav taws xob (piv txwv, los ntawm electrophoresis). Ntawm qhov isoelectric point, hydration thiab solubility ntawm cov protein yog qhov tsawg heev. Tus nqi pI nyob ntawm qhov sib piv ntawm cov acidic thiab cov amino acid seem ntawm cov protein: rau cov protein uas muaj ntau cov acid acid amino acid residues, isoelectric cov ntsiab lus nyob hauv thaj av acidic (xws li cov nqaijrog hu ua acidic), thiab hauv cov protein muaj cov khoom seem ntau, lawv nyob hauv thaj av alkaline (cov protein yooj yim) ) Tus nqi pI ntawm cov protein no kuj tuaj yeem sib txawv nyob ntawm ionic lub zog thiab hom tsis haum daws teeb meem nyob rau hauv uas nws nyob, txij li cov ntsev nruab nrab cuam tshuam rau qib ntawm ionization ntawm pawg tshuaj ntawm cov protein. PI ntawm ib qho protein tuaj yeem txiav txim tau, piv txwv li, los ntawm qhov nkhaus titration lossis los ntawm isoelectric tsom.

Feem ntau, pI ntawm cov protein nyob ntawm lub luag haujlwm nws ua: isoelectric kis ntawm cov protein ntau hauv vertebrate cov nqaij yog li ntawm 5.5 txog 7.0, tab sis qee kis muaj nuj nqi nyob rau thaj chaw huab: piv txwv li, rau pepsin, ib qho proteolytic enzyme ntawm lub plab muaj cov kua qaub. kua txiv pI

1, thiab rau salmins - lub ntsiab ntawm cov protein ntawm salmon mis nyuj, ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm uas yog cov ntsiab lus siab arginine - pI

12. Cov protein ntau uas khi rau nucleic acids vim electrostatic cuam tshuam nrog cov pab pawg phosphate feem ntau yog cov protein ua feem ntau. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov protein ua ke yog histones thiab protamines.

Dab tsi yog cov protein?

Cov protein ntau yog cov txheej txheem siab molecular phaus ua cov organic sib xyaw uas muaj cov amino acid seem, ua ke hauv ib txoj kev tshwj xeeb. Txhua cov protein muaj nws tus kheej cov amino acid sib lawv liag, nws qhov chaw nyob hauv qhov chaw. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nkag siab tias cov protein nkag mus rau hauv lub cev tsis raug nqus los ntawm lawv hauv kev hloov pauv, lawv tawg mus rau cov amino acids thiab nrog lawv pab lub cev coj los ua ke nws cov protein.

22 amino acids koom nrog kev tsim cov protein, 13 ntawm lawv tuaj yeem hloov pauv mus ua ib leeg, 9 - phenylalanine, tryptophan, lysine, histidine, threonine, leucine, valine, isoleucine, methionine - yog irreplaceable. Qhov tsis muaj kua qaub ntawm lub cev tsis haum, qhov no yuav ua rau lub cev tsis sib haum.

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb tsis yog qhov tseeb tias cov protein nkag mus rau hauv lub cev, tab sis kuj yog dab tsi amino acids nws muaj!

Dab tsi yog protein?

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob (protein / polypeptides) - cov tshuaj organic, ntuj tso cov tshuaj polymer muaj nees nkaum cuam ntsig txog amino acids. Kev sib xyaw ua ke muab ntau yam. Lub cev theej nrog lub synthesis ntawm kaum ob hloov pauv amino acids nws tus kheej.

Yim ntawm nees nkaum qhov tseem ceeb amino acids pom nyob hauv protein tsis tuaj yeem raug coj los ntawm lub cev ntawm lawv tus kheej, lawv tau txais nrog zaub mov. Cov no yog valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, tryptophan, lysine, threonine, phenylalanine, uas tseem ceeb rau lub neej.

Ua li cas protein

Qhia qhov txawv ntawm tsiaj thiab zaub (los ntawm keeb kwm). Ob yam kev noj yuav tsum muaj.

Tsiaj:

Qe dawb tau yooj yim thiab yuav luag nqus los ntawm lub cev (90-92%). Proteins ntawm cov khoom noj mis uas muaj cawv muaj ntau dua me ntsis (txog li 90%). Cov protein ntau ntawm cov mis tshiab tseem nqus tau tsawg dua (txog 80%).
Tus nqi ntawm nqaij nyug thiab ntses nyob hauv kev sib xyaw ua ke zoo tshaj ntawm cov amino acids.

Zaub:

Soy, canola thiab cottonseed muaj zoo amino acid piv rau lub cev. Hauv cov qoob loo, qhov no tsis txaus ntseeg tsawg dua.

Yog tsis muaj cov khoom lag luam nrog cov zoo haum amino acid. Cov khoom noj khoom haus zoo tau koom nrog cov tsiaj thiab zaub protein.

Lub hauv paus ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus "los ntawm cov cai" yog tsiaj protein. Nws yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv cov amino acids tseem ceeb, thiab muab kev nqus zoo ntawm zaub protein.

Protein ntau hauv lub cev

Ua nyob rau hauv lub hlwb ntawm daim ntaub, nws ua ntau lub luag haujlwm:

1. Pov thaivCov. Txoj haujlwm ua rau lub nruab nrog cev yog qhov nruab nrab ntawm cov tshuaj txawv teb chaws. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev lag luam tshwm sim.
2. ThaujCov. Cov mov ntawm ntau yam, piv txwv li, hemoglobin (oxygen muab).
3. Kev cai nrujCov. Kev tswj hwm keeb kwm yav dhau los.
4. Neeg yuamCov. Txhua hom kev txav mus ua yeeb yam thiab myosin.
5. YasCov. Cov mob ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg txuas yog tswj los ntawm cov ntsiab lus collagen.
6. Cuam TshuamCov. Nws yog ib lub hauv paus thiab ua kom nrawm nrawm ntawm tag nrho cov tshuaj lom biochemical.
7. Kev txuag thiab kis ntawm cov ntaub ntawv keeb (DNA thiab RNA lwg me me).
8. Lub ZogCov. Cov khoom muab los ntawm tag nrho lub cev nrog lub zog.

Lwm tus muab cov pa, ua lub luag haujlwm rau kev zom zaub mov, tswj cov metabolism. Lub photosensitive rhodopsin protein yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev ua haujlwm.

Cov hlab ntshav muaj cov roj ntsha elastin, ua tsaug rau nws uas lawv ua haujlwm tiav. Lub fibrinogen protein muab cov ntshav coagulation.

Cov tsos mob ntawm kev tsis muaj protein nyob hauv lub cev

Protein deficiency yog qhov tshwm sim tsis ncaj ncees nrog kev ua tsis tau zoo thiab kev ua lub neej ntawm lub neej tshiab. Hauv daim ntawv me me nws tau hais tawm hauv kev qoj ib ce thiab kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo. Nrog rau kev nce hauv qhov khoom tsis txaus, lub cev kis los ntawm cov tsos mob:

1. Kev tsis muaj zog thiab kiv taub hau. Kev ploj thiab lub cev tsawg zuj zus, qhov ua kom pom cov leeg qaug zog tsis muaj kev tawm dag zog tshwj xeeb, kev sib koom tes ntawm lub cev tsis muaj zog, ua rau lub cev tsis nco qab thiab cim xeeb.
2. Mob taub hau thiab ua rau pw tsaug zog. Lub txiaj ntsig insomnia thiab ntxhov siab vim qhia tias tsis muaj serotonin.
3. Nquag hloov pauv ntawm lub siab, grunts. Tsis muaj cov enzymes thiab cov tshuaj hormones ua rau lub cev tsis muaj zog: kev npau taws rau ib qho laj thawj, tsis tsim nyog, kev txhoj puab heev, kev tswj hwm lub siab.
4. Tawv nqaij tawv, tawv pob. Nrog cov tsis muaj cov protein-uas muaj protein, ua kom muaj ntshav khov ua mob, cov tsos mob ntawm cov neeg muaj dryness thiab pallor ntawm daim tawv nqaij, mob plab.
5. O ntawm lub extremities. Qhov uas muaj plasma protein tsawg yuav ua kom cov dej-ntsev muaj sib npaug. Cov roj hauv subcutaneous ntxiv cov roj hauv pob taws thiab pob taws.
6. Tsis zoo kho qhov txhab thiab abrasions. Kev kho ntawm tes yog raug thaiv vim tias tsis muaj "lub tsev tsim khoom".
7. Fragility thiab plaub hau poob, fragility ntawm tes. Cov tsos ntawm dandruff vim ntawm daim tawv nqaij qhuav, exfoliation thiab tawg ntawm cov ntsia hlau phaj yog cov cim tshaj plaws ntawm lub cev txog kev tsis muaj protein ntau. Cov plaub hau thiab cov rau tes tau loj hlob tsis tu ncua thiab teb tam sim ntawd rau qhov tsis muaj cov tshuaj uas txhawb txoj kev loj hlob thiab zoo.
8. Poob phaus tsis tsim nyog. Qhov ploj ntawm phaus rau qhov tsis pom tseeb yog vim muaj qhov xav tau ntawm lub cev kom muaj txiaj ntsig rau qhov tsis muaj protein vim yog cov leeg nqaij.
9. Ua tsis tiav ntawm lub siab thiab cov hlab ntsha, cov tsos ntawm kev ua tsis taus pa. Cov kab mob ua pa, plab zom mov, thiab tub ntxhais hluas txoj kev los kuj raug puas tsuaj thiab. Dyspnea tshwm yam tsis muaj kev tawm dag zog rau lub cev, hnoos yam tsis muaj khaub thuas thiab kab mob kis.

Nrog rau cov tsos ntawm cov tsos mob ntawm hom no, koj yuav tsum hloov tam sim ntawd kev hloov khoom noj thiab khoom noj khoom haus zoo, rov qab xav txog koj txoj kev ua neej, thiab yog tias muaj kev txom nyem, sab laj nrog kws kho mob.

Yuav tsum muaj cov protein ntau npaum li cas rau qhov kev yaum

Qhov siv tau rau ib hnub nyob ntawm lub hnub nyoog, poj niam txiv neej, hom haujlwm. Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov qauv tau nthuav tawm hauv lub rooj (hauv qab) thiab tsim rau qhov hnyav ib txwm ua.
Zuaj cov protein kom tsawg ob peb zaug yog xaiv tau. Txhua tus txiav txim siab daim foos yooj yim rau nws tus kheej, lub ntsiab tseem ceeb yog tswj hwm kev noj haus txhua hnub.

kev siv lub cevLub sijhawm nyoog Kev noj protein ntau nyob rau ib hnub, g Rau txiv neejRau cov poj niam Tag NrhoTsiaj keeb kwmTag NrhoTsiaj keeb kwm Tsis muaj thauj khoom18-4096588249 40-6089537545 Me me kawm ntawv18-4099548446 40-6092507745 Qib Nrab18-40102588647 40-6093517944 Kev kawm ntawv siab18-40108549246 40-60100508543 Sijhawm18-4080487143 40-6075456841 Laus hnub nyoog75456841

Cov protein ntau hauv cov zaub mov

Paub cov zaub mov muaj protein:

Ntawm txhua hom nqaij, thawj qhov chaw tom qab cov ntsiab lus nqaij qaib yuav nqaij nyug: 18.9 g. Tom qab nws, nqaij npuas: 16,4 g, yaj: 16,2 g.

Cov nqaij nruab deg thiab squid yog cov thawj coj: 18.0 g.
Cov ntses muaj txiaj ntsig tshaj plaws rau cov protein yog salmon: 21.8 g, tom qab ntawd ntses liab liab: 21 g, pike perch: 19 g, mackerel: 18 g, herring: 17.6 g thiab cod: 17.5 g.

Ntawm cov khoom noj siv mis, kefir thiab qaub cream khov kho tuav txoj haujlwm: 3.0 g, ces mis: 2.8 g.
High Grains - Hercules: 13.1 g, millet: 11.5 g, semolina: 11.3 g

Kev paub txog tus qauv thiab coj mus rau hauv tus account lub sijhawm nyiaj txiag, koj tuaj yeem kho cov ntawv qhia zaub mov kom raug thiab nco ntsoov muab nws ntxiv nrog cov rog thiab carbohydrates.

Qhov piv ntawm cov protein nyob hauv kev noj haus

Qhov feem ntawm cov protein, cov rog, carbohydrates hauv kev noj zaub mov zoo yuav tsum yog (hauv grams) 1: 1: 4. Tus yuam sij rau qhov sib npaug ntawm cov zaub mov noj qab haus huv tuaj yeem sawv cev rau lwm txoj hauv kev: protein 25-35%, rog 25-35%, carbohydrates 30-50%.

Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov rog yuav tsum muaj txiaj ntsig zoo: cov txiv ntseej lossis roj linseed, txiv ntoo, ntses, cheese.

Carbohydrates hauv ib lub tais yog cov nplej zom nyuaj, muaj cov zaub tshiab, thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo / cov txiv ntoo qhuav, khoom noj qaub-ua kua qaub.

Proteins hauv feem tau xaiv ua ke: zaub + tsiaj.

Amino Acids Ntim rau hauv Protein

Lub chaw sib pauv hloov tau tuaj yeem tsim kho los ntawm lub cev nws tus kheej, tab sis lawv cov khoom siv los ntawm sab nraud tsis yog ib qho muaj koob hmoov. Tshwj xeeb nrog rau kev ua lub neej nquag thiab kev tawm dag zog lub cev.

Txhua yam tsis muaj kev zam yog qhov tseem ceeb, nrov tshaj plaws ntawm lawv:

Alanine.
Nws stimulates cov metabolism ntawm carbohydrates, pab tshem tawm cov co toxins. Lub luag haujlwm rau "kev nyiam huv". Cov ntsiab lus siab hauv cov nqaij, ntses, mis nyuj.

Arginine.
Nws yog qhov tsim nyog los cog lus rau txhua cov leeg, cov tawv nqaij noj qab haus huv, pob txha mos thiab pob qij txha. Muab cov rog hlawv thiab ua kom lub cev tsis muaj zog. Nws yog hauv cov nqaij, mis, ib lub txiv ntoo, gelatin.

Aspartic acid.
Muab lub zog tshuav. Txhim kho txoj haujlwm ntawm lub nruab nrab lub paj hlwb. Zoo rov ua lub zog siv zog ntawm nqaij nyug thiab nqaij qaib lauj kaub tais diav, mis nyuj, kab tsib qab zib. Muaj nyob rau hauv qos yaj ywm, txiv ntoo, cereals.

Keebkwm.
Lub ntsiab "tsim" ntawm lub cev yog hloov mus rau hauv keeb tshuaj thiab hemoglobin. Sai sai kho qhov mob, yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev loj hlob mechanisms. Kuj muaj nyob hauv mis, cereals thiab nqaij.

Ntxhoo.
Neurotransmitter, qhov tseem ceeb rau qhov ua haujlwm tau meej ntawm lub hlwb thiab lub paj hlwb hauv nruab nrab. Muaj txiv laum huab xeeb, nqaij, mov, taum.

Nrog rau cov khoom noj kom zoo thiab txoj hauv kev hauv lub neej, tag nrho cov amino acids yuav tshwm sim hauv lub cev rau kev sib txuas ntawm cov "cub" thiab qauv ntawm kev noj qab haus huv, kev zoo nkauj thiab lub neej ntev.

Dab tsi ua rau cov protein tsis txaus hauv lub cev

1. Nquag muaj kabmob sib kis, ua kom lub cev tsis muaj zog tiv thaiv kab mob.
2. Kev ntxhov siab thiab ntxhov siab.
3. Kev laus thiab maj mam poob ntawm tag nrho cov txheej txheem metabolic.
4. Qhov kev mob tshwm sim los ntawm kev siv tshuaj rau ib tus neeg.
5. Ua tsis tiav hauv lub plab zom mov.
6. Raug mob.
7. Khoom noj khoom haus raws cov khoom noj nrawm, cov khoom lag luam tam sim, cov khoom tiav ib nrab ntawm cov khoom tsis zoo.

Kev tsis txaus ntawm ib qho amino acid yuav nres ib qho protein ntau. Lub cev tau teeb tsa raws li "kev hais qhia kom cov voids", yog li cov amino acids uas ploj lawm yuav raug rho tawm los ntawm lwm cov protein. Qhov "rov tsim kho" no cuam tshuam txoj haujlwm ntawm cov khoom nruab nrog cev, cov leeg, lub siab, lub hlwb thiab tom qab ntawv ua rau tus kabmob.

Protein tsis txaus nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam inhibits kev loj hlob, ua rau lub cev thiab lub hlwb tsis taus.
Kev loj hlob ntawm lub cev tsis muaj zog, qhov pom ntawm kab mob ntawm daim tawv nqaij, pathology ntawm pob txha thiab cov leeg nqaij tsis tau ua tiav cov kab mob. Dystrophy protein ntau yuav ua rau neeg vwm thiab kwashiorkor (hom kev pheej hmoo loj vim tias tsis muaj cov protein).

Thaum cov protein ua mob rau lub cev

• kev txais tos ntau dhau
• cov kab mob mus ntev ntawm daim siab, lub raum, lub plawv thiab cov hlab ntshav.

Oversupply tsis tshwm sim feem ntau vim tias kev nqus khoom tsis tiav ntawm lub cev.Nws tshwm sim hauv cov neeg uas xav kom nce nqaij kom sai li sai tau yam tsis muaj kev ua raws li cov lus qhia ntawm cov kws qhia thiab kws qhia noj haus.

Cov teeb meem ntawm "kev tshaj" kev txais tos suav nrog:

Tsis hlauv. Kev siv cov protein ntau dhau los ua haujlwm rau cov nruab nrog cev, cuam tshuam rau lawv lub luag haujlwm. "Lim" tsis tuaj yeem tiv nrog lub nra, lub raum tshwm sim.

Daim siab mob. Cov protein ntau dhau heev lawm ua ammonia rau hauv cov ntshav, uas ua kom kev mob hauv lub siab.

Kev txhim kho ntawm atherosclerosis. Yuav luag txhua yam khoom tsiaj, ntxiv rau cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, muaj cov rog rog thiab roj cholesterol.

Cov neeg muaj kev txom nyem los ntawm kev ua kab mob siab, mob raum, mob plawv thiab lub plab zom mov yuav tsum txwv cov kev noj protein ntau.

Kev saib xyuas lawv tus kheej txoj kev noj qab haus huv yog kev ua tiav rau cov neeg uas txhawj txog nws. Txhawm rau zam kom tsis txhob raug mob hnyav, koj yuav tsum nco ntsoov lub cev lub cev xav tau kom rov zoo los. Kev so kom txaus, noj zaub mov zoo, mus ntsib cov kws tshaj lij yuav ua rau cov hluas, noj qab haus huv thiab lub neej ntev.

Tub sab

Proteins sib txawv hauv solubility hauv dej. Cov dej uas tsis tov nrog cov protein yog hu ua albumin, cov no suav nrog cov ntshav thiab mis tawm. Insoluble, lossis scleroproteins, suav nrog, keratin (cov protein uas ua rau cov plaub hau, plaub hau tsiaj, plaub tsiaj, thiab lwm yam) thiab fibroin, uas yog ib feem ntawm kev lo lo lo ntxhuav thiab cobwebs. Lub solubility ntawm protein yog txiav txim siab tsis yog los ntawm nws cov qauv, tab sis los ntawm lwm yam, xws li xwm ntawm cov kuab tshuaj, ionic lub zog thiab pH ntawm kev daws.

Proteins tseem muab faib ua hydrophilic (dej-soluble) thiab hydrophobic (dej-pleev tshuaj). Cov protein feem ntau ntawm cytoplasm, nucleus, thiab cov tshuaj intercellular, suav nrog insoluble keratin thiab fibroin, yog hydrophilic. Feem ntau ntawm cov protein uas ua nrog cov qog ua pa yog hydrophobic - cov roj ntsha ua ke nrog cov protein ua cuam tshuam nrog hydrophobic lipids ntawm daim nyias nyias (cov protein feem ntau muaj cov chaw hydrophilic).

Protein biosynthesis hauv lub cev

Protein biosynthesis - tsim nyob rau hauv lub cev ntawm cov roj ntsha uas xav tau los ntawm cov amino acids los ntawm kev sib txuas nrog lawv nrog ib hom tshwj xeeb ntawm cov tshuaj sib txuas - cov kab polypeptide. DNA khaws cov ntaub ntawv cov qauv protein. Qhov synthesis nws tus kheej tshwm sim rau qee qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm lub cell hu ua ribosome. RNA hloov ntaub ntawv los ntawm cov kev xav tau (DNA chaw) rau ntawm ribosome.

Txij li cov protein biosynthesis yog multistage, ntau, siv cov ntaub ntawv tso rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm tib neeg lub neej - DNA, nws cov tshuaj lom neeg ua haujlwm yog ib txoj haujlwm nyuaj. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau kawm paub yuav ua li cas kom tau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv qee yam ntawm cov enzymes thiab cov tshuaj hormones, tab sis txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog txais cov protein uas siv cov tshuaj tua hluav taws xob.

Thauj

Cov kev thauj mus los ntawm kev hloov ntshav tshwj xeeb cov ntshav - hemoglobin. Ua tsaug rau cov protein no, cov pa xa tawm los ntawm lub ntsws mus rau cov nruab nrog cev thiab cov nqaij mos ntawm lub cev.

Nws muaj nyob hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov protein ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob hu ua tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob. Nws yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tiv thaiv lub cev kom noj qab haus huv, tiv thaiv nws los ntawm cov kab mob, kab mob, tshuaj lom, thiab tso cai rau ntshav los ua cov ntshav txhaws ua rau qhov nqaij to.

Lub teeb liab ua haujlwm ntawm cov protein yog kis cov cim (cov ntaub ntawv) nruab nrab ntawm cov hlwb.

Protein ntau rau cov Neeg Loj

Qhov xav tau ntawm tib neeg lub cev rau cov protein yog nyob ntawm nws lub cev ua si. Ntau peb tsiv, qhov tshwm sim nrawm dua ntawm cov tshuaj biochemical hauv peb lub cev. Cov neeg uas tawm dag zog tsis tu ncua yuav tsum muaj protein ntau ob zaug ntau npaum li cov neeg nruab nrab. Tsis muaj protein rau cov neeg koom nrog kev ua kis las yog txaus ntshai "ziab tawm" cov leeg nqaij thiab tawm sab hauv lub cev tag nrho!

Qhov nruab nrab, cov protein ntau rau cov neeg laus yog xam raws lub hauv paus ntawm coefficient ntawm 1 g ntawm protein rau 1 kg ntawm qhov hnyav, uas yog, kwv yees li 80-100 g rau txiv neej, 55-60 g rau cov poj niam. Cov txiv neej ua kis las tau raug qhia kom nce cov protein kom 170-200 g ib hnub.

Cov khoom noj muaj protein zoo rau lub cev

Kev noj zaub mov kom zoo kom txaus rau lub cev muaj protein yog sib xyaw tsiaj thiab cog tsiaj. Qhov ntsuas ntawm assimilation ntawm cov protein los ntawm cov zaub mov nyob ntawm nws cov keeb kwm thiab txoj kev ntawm kev kho cua sov.

Yog li, kwv yees li 80% ntawm tag nrho cov kev nqus ntawm cov tsiaj protein thiab 60% ntawm zaub protein yog nqus los ntawm lub cev. Cov khoom ntawm cov tsiaj keeb kwm muaj cov protein ntau dua ib pawg qhov loj ntawm qhov khoom tshaj li hauv zaub. Ntxiv rau, cov khoom ntawm cov tsiaj "tsiaj" nrog rau txhua cov amino acids, thiab cov khoom lag luam cog hauv qhov no suav tias yog qis dua.

Cov cai tswj kev noj zaub mov kom zoo rau kev nqus tau protein zoo:

• Txoj kev ua noj ua haus - ua noj, ncu taw, sib kis. Frying yuav tsum kav.
• Nws raug nquahu kom noj ntses ntau dua thiab nqaij qaib ntxiv. Yog tias koj xav tau nqaij noj tiag tiag, xaiv nqaij nyuj.
• Cov txhuam yuav tsum tau muab cais tawm cov zaub mov noj, lawv yog cov rog thiab tsis zoo. Hauv xwm txheej hnyav, koj tuaj yeem noj thawj daim tais siv cov "theem ob daig".

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom noj muaj protein rau cov leeg kev loj hlob

Cov neeg ncaws pob uas ntaus pob ntaug nrog cov leeg yuav tsum tau ua raws li tag nrho cov lus qhia saum toj no. Lawv cov zaub mov noj feem ntau yuav tsum yog cov keeb kwm ntawm tsiaj. Lawv yuav tsum tau noj ua ke nrog cov khoom muaj protein cov zaub, ntawm uas yog kua yog qhov tshwj xeeb.

Nws kuj tseem yuav tsum tau sab laj nrog kws kho mob thiab xav txog kev siv cov dej haus rau protein tshwj xeeb, feem pua ​​ntawm cov protein ntau uas yog 97–98%. Tus kws kho mob tshwj xeeb yuav xaiv cov dej haus, ntsuas qhov tseeb. Qhov no yuav yog qhov qab ntxiag thiab muaj txiaj ntsig protein ntxiv rau kev cob qhia lub zog.

Kev Tsis Txaus Siab

Protein denaturation yog hais txog cov kev hloov pauv hauv nws cov kev ua haujlwm lom neeg thiab / los yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub cev ua rau muaj qhov ploj ntawm cov txheej txheem uas muaj quaternary, tertiary lossis secondary (saib ntu "Protein structure"). Raws li txoj cai, cov protein tau ruaj khov nyob rau hauv cov mob ntawd (ntsuas kub, pH, thiab lwm yam) uas lawv ib txwm ua haujlwm hauv lub cev. Kev hloov pauv ntse hauv cov mob no ua rau cov protein ua rau tsis pom zoo. Nyob ntawm qhov xwm txheej ntawm tus neeg sawv cev denaturing, siv tshuab (muaj zog sib zog lossis tshee), lub cev (cua sov, txias, irradiation, sonication) thiab tshuaj lom neeg (kua qaub thiab alkalis, surfactants, urea) denaturation raug cais tshwj xeeb.

Protein denaturation tuaj yeem ua tiav lossis ib nrab, thim rov qab lossis tsis kam ua. Cov teeb meem nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm cov tsis muaj protein ntau tsis txaus ntseeg nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub yog kev npaj ntawm lub qe qaib, thaum, thaum muaj kev kub hnyav, cov dej-soluble pob tshab protein ovalbumin ua ntom, insoluble thiab opaque. Kev tsis txaus siab nyob rau qee kis yog qhov thim rov qab, xws li cov dej nag ntawm cov dej-soluble protein siv ammonium ntsev (salting tawm qauv), thiab hom no siv los ua txoj hauv kev los ntxuav lawv.

Protein lwg me me yog linear polymers uas muaj cov seem ntawm α-L-amino acids (uas yog cov monomers), thiab kuj tseem hloov cov amino acid seem thiab cov feem ntawm cov tsis muaj amino acid muaj peev xwm suav nrog kev sau ntawm cov protein. Hauv cov ntawv nyeem science, ib los sis peb tsab ntawv cov lus luv yog siv los saib txog cov amino acids. Txawm hais tias thaum xub thawj siab zoo nws yuav zoo li tias kev siv "tsuas yog" 20 hom amino acids nyob rau hauv cov protein feem ntau txwv tsis pub muaj ntau yam ntawm cov qauv protein, qhov tseeb, cov kev xaiv muaj peev xwm tsis tshua muaj peev xwm: rau txoj saw ntawm 5 amino acid residues, nws yog twb ntau dua 3 lab, thiab ib cov saw ntawm 100 amino acid residues (cov protein me me) tuaj yeem sawv cev ntau dua 10,130 ntau yam. Cov protein ntau ntawm 2 mus rau ntau ntau kaum ntawm cov amino acid seem hauv ntev yog feem ntau hu ua peptides, nrog kev kawm ntau dua ntawm polymerization - nas ncuav, txawm hais tias qhov kev faib tawm no yog qhov tawm tsam.

Thaum cov protein tsim los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov group-carboxyl pawg (-COOH) ntawm ib qho amino acid nrog α-amino pawg (-NH₂) ntawm lwm cov amino acid, peptide bonds yog tsim. Qhov xaus ntawm cov protein hu ua N- thiab C-terminus, nyob ntawm seb qhov twg ntawm cov pab pawg ntawm cov davhlau ya nyob twg amino acid seem yog dawb: -NH₂ lossis -COOH, ua ntu zus. Hauv cov protein synthesis rau ntawm ribosome, thawj zaug (N-davhlau ya nyob twg) amino acid residue feem ntau yog methionine residue, thiab cov khoom seem tom qab txuas nrog C-terminus ntawm lub dhau los.

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom noj muaj protein, cov zaub mov noj haus

Cov neeg uas xav kom poob phaus yuav tsum noj cov khoom noj muaj protein thiab tsiaj. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom cais lawv txoj kev nkag, vim tias lub sijhawm rau lawv txoj kev txais yuav txawv. Cov khoom siv rog tsis zoo yuav tsum tau muab pov tseg, cov qos yaj ywm yuav tsum tsis txhob ua phem, cov zaub mov uas muaj qhov nruab nrab ntawm cov protein yuav tsum tau xaiv.

Tsis txhob mus rau qhov siab thiab "zaum" ntawm cov zaub mov muaj protein ntau. Nws tsis haum rau txhua tus, vim hais tias kev tshem tawm cov carbohydrates tag nrho yuav ua rau txo qis kev ua haujlwm thiab lub zog. Nws tau txaus los noj zaub mov uas muaj cov carbohydrates thaum sawv ntxov - qhov no yuav muab lub zog thaum nruab hnub, yav tav su, noj cov zaub mov muaj protein tsawg. Txhawm rau ua kom tsis muaj lub zog thaum yav tsaus ntuj, lub cev yuav pib hlawv cov roj hauv lub cev, txawm li cas los xij, cov txheej txheem no yuav muaj kev nyab xeeb rau kev noj qab haus huv ntawm lub cev.

Nco ntsoov xam cov zaub mov protein kom yog thiab tsim nyog hauv koj cov khoom noj. Rau lub cev, protein yog lub tsev tsim khoom siv! Ua ke nrog kev cob qhia tsis tu ncua, nws yuav pab koj tsim lub cev zoo nkauj ua kis las!

Proteins yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg, tsis muaj ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov kev ua hauv lub cev yuav ua tsis tau. Cov protein ntau muaj cov enzymes, cov hlwb ntawm cov plab hnyuv siab raum, cov ntaub so ntswg. Lawv muaj lub luag haujlwm rau metabolic, thauj thiab ntau lwm cov txheej txheem tshwm sim hauv tib neeg lub cev. Proteins tsis tuaj yeem sau "hauv thaj chaw khaws cia", yog li lawv yuav tsum tau noj tsis tu ncua. Lawv yog qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb rau cov tib neeg koom nrog hauv kis las, vim tias cov protein tau tswj hwm.

Cov Txheej Txheem Qeb

K. Lindstrom-Lang npaj siab los qhia qhov txawv ntawm 4 qib ntawm cov koomhaum txheej txheem ntawm cov protein: thawj, theem nrab, qib theem thiab lub tsev kawm qib siab. Txawm hais tias qhov kev faib khoom no yog me ntsis dhau los, nws tseem siv. Lub hauv paus qauv (cov qib ntawm cov amino acid seem) ntawm polypeptide yog txiav txim siab los ntawm cov qauv ntawm nws cov gene thiab caj ces, thiab cov qauv ntawm cov kev txiav txim siab dua yog tsim nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm cov protein folding. Txawm hais tias qhov chaw ntawm cov protein tag nrho yog txiav txim siab los ntawm nws cov amino acid sib lawv liag, nws yog qhov labile thiab yuav nyob ntawm cov xwm txheej sab nraud, yog li nws muaj qhov tseeb los tham txog qhov nyiam los sis feem ntau ua kom muaj protein txaus.

Thawj qauv

Cov qauv thawj yog qib ntawm cov amino acid seem hauv cov polypeptide saw. Cov qauv tseem ceeb ntawm cov protein feem ntau tau piav qhia siv cov ntawv ib los yog peb daim ntawv tsim rau cov amino acid seem.

Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov qauv tseem ceeb yog kev txuag ua kom zoo - kev sib txuam ruaj khov ntawm cov amino acid seem uas ua haujlwm ib yam thiab muaj nyob hauv cov protein ntau. Txuag txuag cov khoom tsim tau tshwj tseg thaum kev hloov pauv ntawm cov tsiaj; feem ntau nws tau twv seb txoj haujlwm ntawm cov protein tsis paub los ntawm lawv. Kev ntsuas qib ntawm homology (qhov zoo sib xws) ntawm cov amino acid ntu ntawm cov protein ntawm cov kab mob sib txawv tuaj yeem siv los kwv yees kev sib hloov deb ntawm cov se uas cov kab mob no koom nrog.

Lub hauv paus qauv ntawm lub protein tuaj yeem txiav txim siab los ntawm cov txheej txheem txuas ua protein los yog los ntawm thawj hom qauv ntawm nws mRNA siv cov lus cim caj.

Thib ob cov qauv

Cov kev hloov kho vaj huam sib luag yog lub zos xaj los ntawm ib qho thooj ntawm polypeptide saw ruaj los ntawm hydrogen bonds.Cov hauv qab no yog cov hom kab ke ntawm cov protein txuas ntxiv:

• -helices yog ntom hloov nyob ib ncig ntawm ntev axis ntawm lub qauv. Ib zaug tig yog 3.6 amino acid seem, helix suab yog 0.54 nm (0.15 nm ntog rau ib qho amino acid residue). Cov kauv yog ruaj khov los ntawm hydrogen b daim ntawv cog lus nyob nruab nrab ntawm H thiab O peptide pawg, spaced 4 chav sib nrug. Txawm hais tias α-helix tuaj yeem yog sab laug lossis sab xis, txoj cai-txiav tawm ua ntej hauv cov protein. Lub kauv tau cuam tshuam los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm electrostatic ntawm glutamic acid, lysine, arginine. Ze rau ib leeg, asparagine, serine, threonine thiab leucine residues tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog kev tsim ntawm helix, cov khoom seem ua kom cov saw khoov thiab kuj cuam tshuam α-helices,
• sheets-cov ntawv txheeb (cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg txheej) yog ob peb zigzag polypeptide txuas rau qhov sib txuas hydrogen uas tsim los ntawm cov chaw nyob sib nrug deb (0.34 nm per amino acid residue) amino acids nyob hauv thawj qauv lossis cov protein sib txawv (ntau dua li ze ze, zoo li yog yuav nyob rau hauv α-helix). Cov saw hlau no feem ntau qhia los ntawm N-xaus hauv kev qhia rov qab (qhov kev taw qhia sib luag) lossis hauv ib qho kev taw qhia (parallel parallel-qauv). Nws kuj tseem muaj nyob rau ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke β-kev teeb tsa ua ke nrog rau cov khoom siv sib txuas thiab sib xyaw ua ke ant-txuas tus qauv. Rau kev tsim cov β-cov ntawv, qhov ntau thiab tsawg ntawm sab pawg ntawm cov amino acids yog qhov tseem ceeb, feem ntau glycine thiab alanine predominate,
• -helix
• 3₁₀spirals
• unordered tawg tsam.

Tertiary qauv

Tus txheej txheem theem siab yog cov qauv sib dhos ntawm cov polypeptide saw. Tus txheej txheem ua ke, nws muaj cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov qauv theem nrab uas tswj kom ruaj khov los ntawm ntau yam kev sib txuam hauv kev sib cuam tshuam hauv kev sib tham hauv hydrophobic ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb. Lub stabilization ntawm tus qauv tertiary koom nrog:

• covalent bonds (nruab nrab ntawm ob cysteine ​​seem - txuas hniav disulfide),
• ionic bonds ntawm cov pab pawg sab sib xyaw ntawm cov amino acid seem,
• cov ntawv cog lus hydrogen
• hydrophobic kev sib cuam tshuam. Thaum sib tham nrog cov lwg dej uas nyob ib puag ncig, cov txheej txheem protein molecule yog muab tais kom cov sab hauv nonpolar pab pawg ntawm cov amino acids raug cais tawm ntawm cov kua aqueous, thiab polar hydrophilic sab pawg tshwm rau saum npoo ntawm cov qauv.

Kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov protein folding tau qhia tias nws yooj yim kom paub qhov txawv theem ntawm qib theem ntawm tus qauv theem nrab thiab cov qauv atomic spatial - folding motif (architecture, architecture motif). Lub styling motif yog txiav txim siab los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov txheej txheem theem nrab cov ntsiab lus (hel-helices thiab β-strands) tsis pub dhau cov protein ntau - lub ntsej muag sib txuas uas tuaj yeem muaj nyob ntawm nws tus kheej lossis koom nrog cov protein ntau dua nrog rau lwm cov thawj. Xav txog, piv txwv li, ib qho ntawm cov xeeb cwm pwm ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov protein. Cov globular protein qhia hauv daim duab mus rau sab xis, triosophosphatisomerase, muaj ib daim qauv folding hu ua α / β-lub tog raj kheej: 8 thaum uas tig mus β-strands tsim β-lub tog raj kheej hauv lwm lub tog raj kheej muaj 8 α-helices. Qhov motif no pom nyob hauv kwv yees li 10% ntawm cov protein.

Nws paub tias styling motifs yog qhov kev txuag heev thiab pom nyob hauv cov protein uas tsis muaj nuj nqi lossis tsis muaj kev sib raug zoo. Kev txiav txim siab ntawm styling motives underlies lub cev, lossis meej pem kev faib tawm ntawm cov protein (xws li CATH lossis SCOP).

Txhawm rau txiav txim siab qhov chaw ntawm cov protein, txoj kev xoo hluav taws xob tsom, hluav taws xob nuclear sib zog, thiab qee hom tshuab tsom me me raug siv.

Quaternary kev teeb tsa

Tus qauv quaternary (lossis subunit, domain) yog qhov sib koom ua ke ntawm ntau cov saw hlau polypeptide ntau hauv cov khoom muaj protein ntau.Cov tshuaj lwg me me uas tsim cov protein nrog cov qauv quaternary tau tsim cais ntawm cov ribosomes thiab tsuas yog tom qab ua tiav ntawm kev ua tiav lawv puas tsim cov qauv supramolecular ntau. Ib lub quaternary protein yuav muaj ob qho tib si thiab sib txawv polypeptide saw. Lub stabilization ntawm cov qauv Quaternary muaj feem cuam tshuam rau tib hom kev sib cuam tshuam xws li tom kev ruaj khov kho ntawm Tertiary. Supramolecular protein ntau txoj tuaj yeem tuaj yeem ua kaum tawm ntawm cov qauv lwg me me.

Kev faib tawm los ntawm hom lub tsev

Cov protein ntau yuav muab faib ua peb pawg raws li cov qauv dav dav:

1. Fibrillar proteins - tsim cov ntawv polymers, lawv cov qauv feem ntau tsis tu ncua thiab tau txais kev txhawb nqa tshwj xeeb los ntawm kev sib txuam ntawm cov saw sib txawv. Lawv tsim microfilaments, microtubules, fibrils, thiab txhawb cov qauv ntawm cov hlwb thiab cov ntaub so ntswg. Fibrillar protein muaj keratin thiab collagen.
2. Globular proteins yog dej-soluble, daim qauv dav dav ntawm cov molecule yog ntau dua lossis tsawg dua kheej kheej.
3. Membrane cov protein ntau - muaj thaj chaw sib tshuam ntawm cov cell membrane, tab sis qee qhov ntawm lawv protrude los ntawm daim nyias nyias mus rau qhov chaw muaj kev cuam tshuam thiab cov cell cytoplasm. Membrane cov protein ntau ua raws li receptors, uas yog, lawv xa cov cim, thiab tseem yuav thauj cov thauj mus los ntawm ntau yam. Cov neeg thauj khoom Protein yog cov tshwj xeeb, txhua tus ntawm lawv tsuas hla qee yam molecules los yog qee hom teeb liab los ntawm daim nyias nyias.

Cov protein yooj yooj yim thiab cov nyom

Ntxiv nrog rau peptide chains, ntau cov protein ntau kuj suav nrog cov pab pawg tsis-amino acid, thiab los ntawm cov txheej txheem no cov protein tau muab faib ua ob pawg loj - cov protein yooj yooj yim thiab tsis yooj yim (tiv thaiv kab mob). Cov roj ntsha yooj yim tsuas muaj cov kab txuas polypeptide, cov protein ua haujlwm tseem muaj cov amino-acid, lossis prosthetic, pawg. Ua raws li cov chemical xwm ntawm cov pab pawg ທຽມ, cov chav kawm hauv qab no yog qhov txawv ntawm cov protein ua tsis sib xws:

Glycoproteins uas muaj covalently txuas ntxiv cov carbohydrate seem uas yog cov pab pawg neeg mob, glycoproteins uas muaj cov tshuaj mucopolysaccharide uas yog cov subclass ntawm cov proteoglycans. Hydroxyl pawg ntawm serine lossis threonine feem ntau yog koom nrog kev tsim ntawm kev sib khi nrog cov carbohydrate seem. Yuav luag txhua cov protein ntau tshwj xeeb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog immunoglobulins, yog glycoproteins. Hauv proteoglycans, feem ntawm cov carbohydrate yog

95% ntawm tag nrho cov loj ntawm cov protein molecule, lawv yog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov qauv muab sib cais,

2. Cov caj ces roj ntsha tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua dua ntawm kev muaj sia. Txoj kev ntawm kev ua me nyuam.

1. Luam thiab nws qhov tseem ceeb.

Kev luam tawm - rov ua dua ntawm cov kab mob sib xws, uas muab

lub hav zoov ntawm hom tsiaj rau ntau ntau txhiab xyoo muaj txhawb rau kev nce hauv

tus naj npawb ntawm cov tib neeg ntawm hom, txuas ntxiv ntawm lub neej. Asexual, kev sib deev thiab

vegetative hais tawm ntawm yam muaj sia.

2. Asexual kev ua me nyuam yaus yog txoj hauv kev qub tshaj plaws. Hauv

ib qho kev muaj sia yog koom nrog kev sib deev, thaum uas feem ntau koom nrog kev sib deev

ob tus neeg. Hauv cov nroj tsuag, kev tsim ua asexual siv spores - ib

tshwj xeeb hlwb. Hais tawm los ntawm spores ntawm algae, ntxhuab, horsetail,

plunders, ferns. Pob xoo ntawm cov noob kab mob los ntawm cov nroj tsuag, lawv txoj kev tawm thiab kev loj hlob ntawm

lawv cov neeg ua haujlwm pabcuam tshiab hauv cov kab mob muaj txiaj ntsig. Tuag coob tus suav

hais tsis sib haum ntog rau hauv cov nyom. Tsawg tsawg qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov tshwm sim

cov kab mob tshiab los ntawm cov noob kab mob vim tias lawv muaj tsawg cov as-ham thiab

lub yub nqus lawv feem ntau los ntawm ib puag ncig.

3. Vegetative propagation - hais tawm ntawm cov nroj tsuag nrog

siv cov khoom noj khoom haus ntawm nruab nrog cev: sab hauv nruab nrab lossis tua av hauv qab, ntu ntawm cov hauv paus,

nplooj ntoos, tuber, qhov muag teev. Kev koom tes hauv kev loj hlob ntawm ib yam muaj sia

lossis qhov chaw ntawd. Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov ntxhais cog nrog niam, zoo li nws

txuas ntxiv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm leej niam lub cev. Yawm efficiency thiab

kev sib kis ntawm kev noj haus hauv kev tawm tsam, raws li kev pabcuam muaj sia

tsim sai dua los ntawm niam ntu feem dua li ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb. Cov Coob Tsiaj Piv Txwv

kev yug me nyuam: siv rhizomes - Lily ntawm lub hav, mint, wheatgrass, thiab lwm yam, hauv paus

qis ceg kov cov av (txheej) - currants, qus grapes, hwj txwv

- txiv pos nphuab, qhov muag teev - tulip, daffodil, crocus. Kev siv cov vegetative

kev yug me nyuam thaum cog qoob loo nroj tsuag: qos yaj ywm yog faib los ntawm tub,

qhov muag teev - dos thiab qij, txheej - currants thiab gooseberries, hauv paus

offspring - Cherry, plum, cuttings - txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntoo.

4. Kev deev tu tub tu kiv. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua me nyuam deev

Hauv kev tsim cov kab mob hlwb (gametes), qhov sib ntxiv ntawm tus txiv neej cov noob qe

(phev) thiab poj niam (qe) - chaw yug thiab yug cov tshiab

tus ntxhais lub cev los ntawm ib lub qe chiv xeeb ntxwv. Tsaug rau fertilization

ib qho chaw muag khoom muaj txiaj ntsig nrog ntau qhov sib txuam ntawm cov qauv ntawv, uas txhais tau tias nrog ntau dua

ntau yam raws caj ces, raws li ib tug ntawm cov uas nws tej zaum yuav tig tawm los ua

ntau yoog raws cov chaw nyob. Muaj kev ua kom muaj kev sib deev hauv

algae, mosses, ferns, gymnosperms thiab angiosperms. Teeb meem

cov txheej txheem kev sib deev hauv cov nroj tsuag thaum lawv hloov zuj zus, cov tsos ntawm feem ntau nrhiav

cov hauv cov noob nroj tsuag.

5. Kev nthuav tawm cov noob tshwm sim nrog kev pab ntawm noob,

nws yog yam ntxwv ntawm gymnosperms thiab angiosperms (angiosperms

vegetative hais tawm kuj yog dav. Sequence ntawm cov kauj ruam

kev nthuav tawm cov noob: pollination - hloov khoom ntawm paj ntoos mus rau qhov stigma ntawm rab yaj phom, nws

kev cog qoob loo, tshwm sim los ntawm kev faib tawm ob phev, lawv qhov kev kawm tau zoo nyob rau hauv

ovule, tom qab ntawd fusion ntawm ib phev nrog lub qe, thiab lwm tus nrog

theem nrab keeb kwm (hauv angiosperms). Tsim ntawm ovule noob -

lub embryo nrog ib cov mov muab kev pab cuam, thiab los ntawm phab ntsa ntawm zes qe menyuam - cov menyuam hauv plab. Noob -

cov kab mob ntawm cov nroj tsuag tshiab, hauv cov xwm txheej zoo, nws tawg thiab thawj zaug

cov yub yog txau los ntawm cov khoom noj ntawm lub noob, thiab tom qab ntawd nws cov hauv paus hniav

pib nqus cov dej thiab cov zaub mov ntau ntawm cov av, thiab cov nplooj - carbon dioxide

roj los ntawm huab cua hauv tshav ntuj. Lub neej ywj pheej ntawm cov nroj tsuag tshiab.

Protein biophysics

Lub cev lub zog ntawm cov protein nyob rau hauv lub cell, noj mus rau hauv tus account dej membrane thiab cov neeg coob ntawm macromolecules (eng.) nyuaj heev. Lub tswv yim ntawm cov protein ua ib qho kev txiav txim "zoo li lub kaw lus" - "Crystal aperiodic" - tau txais kev txhawb los ntawm kev xoo hluav taws xob xoo hluav taws xob (txog li kev daws teeb meem ntawm 1 angstrom), cov ntim khoom ntim siab, koom tes ntawm cov txheej txheem denaturation thiab lwm yam tseeb.

Hauv kev pom zoo ntawm lwm qhov kev xav, cov kua zoo li lub zog ntawm cov protein nyob hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm intraglobular txav (qauv ntawm kev cia siab los yog kev sib txawv tsis tu ncua) muaj pov thawj los ntawm kev sim rau neutron tawg, Mössbauer spectroscopy.

Universal txujci: ribosomal hluavtaws

Proteins raug muab tso ua ke los ntawm cov kab mob muaj sia los ntawm cov amino acids raws cov ntaub ntawv hloov hauv cov noob. Txhua cov protein muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov amino acid seem, uas yog txiav txim siab los ntawm nucleotide ua ntu zus ntawm cov gene encoding protein. Lub hauv paus caj ces yog ib txoj kev los txhais cov nucleotide sib lawv liag ntawm DNA (ntawm RNA) rau cov amino acid sib lawv liag ntawm kab xov polypeptide. Txoj cai no txiav txim siab kev sib haum ntawm trinucleotide ntu ntawm RNA, hu ua codons, thiab qee cov amino acids uas muaj nyob hauv cov protein: AUG nucleotide ib theem zuj zus, piv txwv li, sib raug rau methionine. Txij li thaum DNA muaj plaub hom nucleotides, tag nrho cov lej ntawm codons yog 64, thiab txij li 20 amino acids siv nyob rau hauv cov protein, ntau cov amino acids txiav txim siab los ntawm ntau dua ib codon. Peb codons yog qhov tsis muaj qhov tsis txaus: lawv ua qhov chaw nres lub cim rau cov hluavtaws polypeptide saw thiab raug hu ua kev txiav codons, lossis nres codons.

Cov noob caj noob ces encryption thawj zaug mus rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm tus neeg xa xov RNA (mRNA) los ntawm RNA polymerase enzymes. Feem ntau ntawm cov teeb meem no, cov protein ntawm cov tsiaj muaj sia nyob tau tsim tawm los ntawm ribosomes - cov tshuab ua npuas tshuab ua ke muaj nyob rau hauv cytoplasm ntawm cov hlwb. Cov txheej txheem ntawm synthesizing polypeptide saw los ntawm ribosome ntawm mRNA matrix yog hu ua kev txhais lus.

Ribosomal protein synthesis yog qhov pib tib yam hauv prokaryotes thiab eukaryotes, tab sis txawv hauv qee cov ntsiab lus. Yog li, prokaryotic mRNA tuaj yeem nyeem los ntawm ribosomes mus rau cov amino acid ua ntu zus ntawm cov protein tam sim ntawd tom qab hloov ntaub ntawv lossis txawm tias ua ntej nws ua tiav. Hauv eukaryotes, cov ntawv teev lus tseem ceeb yuav tsum xub mus dhau ntawm kev hloov kho thiab txav mus rau hauv cytoplasm (mus rau qhov chaw ntawm lub ribosome), ua ntej txhais lus yuav pib. Tus nqi ntawm cov protein ua kom sib haum tau siab dua hauv prokaryotes thiab tuaj yeem ncav cuag 20 amino acids toj ib ob.

Txawm tias ua ntej pib txhais lus, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase enzymes tshwj xeeb muab cov amino acids rau lawv coj los thauj RNA (tRNA). Ib cheeb tsam ntawm tRNA, hu ua anticodon, tuaj yeem sib txuam nrog mRNA codon, yog li ua kom ntseeg tau qhov sib xyaw ntawm cov amino acid residue txuas rau tRNA hauv polypeptide saw raws li cov caj ces.

Thaum lub sijhawm pib ntawm kev txhais lus, kev pib, tus pib (feem ntau methionine) codon raug lees paub los ntawm qhov me me ntawm qhov tav, uas cov aminoacylated methionine tRNA txuas nrog siv cov txheej txheem protein ntawm kev pib. Tom qab paub qhov pib codon, lub subunit loj koom nrog qhov subunit me me ntawm ribosome, thiab theem ob ntawm kev txhais lus, elongation, pib. Nyob rau txhua kauj ruam ntawm lub ribosome los ntawm 5'- txog 3'-kawg ntawm mRNA, ib qho codon tau nyeem los ntawm kev ua kom muaj txoj hlua hydrogen ntawm nws thiab thauj RNA ua ntxiv rau nws, uas cov sib piv amino acid seem yog txuas. Kev tsim cov peptide daim ntawv cog lus nruab nrab ntawm qhov kawg amino acid residue ntawm kev loj hlob peptide thiab cov amino acid residue txuas rau tRNA yog catalyzed los ntawm ribosomal RNA (rRNA), uas ua rau peptidyl transferase chaw ntawm lub ribosome. Qhov chaw nruab nrab no tso rau cov pa nitrogen thiab carbon atoms nyob rau hauv ib txoj hauj lwm nyiam rau qhov hla ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Qhov thib peb thiab theem kawg ntawm kev txhais lus, txiav tawm, tshwm sim thaum lub ribosome ncav cuag lub nres codon, tom qab ntawd cov protein txiav cov ntsiab lus hydrolyze qhov sib txuas ntawm kawg tRNA thiab polypeptide saw, nres nws synthesis. Hauv ribosomes, cov protein yeej ib txwm coj los ntawm N- txog C-terminus.

Neribosomal hluavtaws

Hauv qis dua fungi thiab qee cov kab mob, ib txoj hauv kev ntxiv (tsis-ribosomal, lossis multienzyme) ntawm biosynthesis ntawm peptides, feem ntau ntawm cov qauv me me thiab txawv, yog paub.Kev sib xyaw ntawm cov peptides, feem ntau yog cov metabolites theem nrab, yog ua los ntawm lub cev nyhav molecular nyhav, NRS synthase, yam tsis muaj kev koom tes ncaj qha ntawm ribosomes. NRS synthase feem ntau muaj ntau qhov ua ke lossis ib tus neeg cov protein uas xaiv cov amino acids, tsim peptide daim ntawv cog lus thiab tso tawm cov synthesized peptide. Ua ke, cov thawj coj ua tus qauv. Txhua qhov kev ua haujlwm ua kom ntseeg tau tias suav nrog ib qho amino acid hauv synthesized peptide. NRS kev tsim tawm tau tuaj yeem yog li ntawm ib lossis ntau pawg. Qee zaum, cov kev nyuaj no suav nrog ib qho chaw muaj peev xwm ntawm isomerizing L-amino acids (ib txwm ua qauv) rau hauv D-daim ntawv.

Siv hluav taws xob ua kom zoo nkauj

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv luv luv tuaj yeem tsim cov tshuaj siv cov txheej txheem ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg organic, piv txwv li, tshuaj ligation. Feem ntau, tshuaj synthesive ntawm peptide tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia los ntawm C-terminus mus rau N-terminus, as opposed to ribosome biosynthesis. Cov txheej txheem ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg ua rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob luv luv peptides (epitopes), uas tom qab ntawd raug txhaj rau hauv cov tsiaj kom thiaj li tau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb lossis hybridomas. Ntxiv rau, cov qauv no kuj tseem siv tau los txo cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm qee yam enzymes. Tshuaj lom neeg tso cai tso cai rau kev qhia txog cov amino acid seem uas tsis pom muaj nyob hauv cov pa roj carbon tiv thaiv, piv txwv li, cov neeg uas muaj cov cim fluorescence txuas rau lawv cov saw txuas sab. Cov txheej txheem tshuaj rau cov synthesis ntawm cov protein muaj ntau yam kev txwv: lawv tsis muaj txiaj ntsig nrog qhov ntev ntawm ntau tshaj 300 amino acid seem, cov roj ntsha synthesized tej zaum yuav muaj tus qauv tsis tiav thiab tsis muaj cov xeeb ceem tom qab hloov kho (saib hauv qab).

Tom qab ntawv txhais lus kev hloov kho

Tom qab kev txhais lus tiav lawm, feem ntau cov protein hloov mus rau hauv cov kev hloov tshuaj hu ua kev hloov kho tom qab. Ntau tshaj ob puas hloov pauv ntawm kev hloov ua tom qab txhais lus ntawm cov protein yog paub.

Cov kev hloov pauv tom qab tuaj yeem hloov kho cov kev muaj sia ntawm cov protein nyob hauv lub cell, lawv cov kev ua haujlwm enzymatic thiab kev cuam tshuam nrog lwm cov protein. Muaj qee kis, kev hloov kho tom qab lub cev yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qib kev paub tab ntawm cov protein, txwv tsis pub nws ua haujlwm tsis tawm. Piv txwv, nrog kev loj hlob ntawm cov tshuaj insulin thiab qee cov tshuaj hormones, txwv tsis pub proteolysis ntawm cov saw polypeptide yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua, thiab nrog lub maturation ntawm plasma membrane protein, glycosylation yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua.

Cov kev hloov kho tom qab tuaj yeem yog ob qho tib si dav thiab tsis tshua muaj, dhau los tshwj xeeb. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm kev hloov kho thoob ntiaj teb yog ubiquitination (txuas ntawm ib txoj xov ntawm ob peb lwg ntawm luv ubiquitin protein mus rau cov protein), uas ua lub teeb liab rau qhov kev tshem tawm ntawm cov protein no los ntawm cov proteasome. Lwm txoj kev hloov kho uas tshwm sim yog glycosylation - nws kwv yees tias kwv yees li ib nrab ntawm tib neeg cov protein muaj glycosylated. Tsis tshua muaj kev hloov kho muaj xws li tyrosination / detirozination thiab polyglycylation ntawm tubulin.

Ib qho thiab tib lub protein tuaj yeem yauv pauv ntau qhov kev hloov kho. Yog li, keeb kwm (cov protein uas yog ib feem ntawm chromatin hauv eukaryotes) nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej sib txawv tuaj yeem yauv ntau dua 150 qhov kev hloov kho txawv.

Cov kev hloov kho tom qab tau muab faib ua:

• kev hloov kho lub ntsiab Circuit Court,
  • cleavage ntawm N-davhlau ya nyob twg methionine residue,
  • txwv proteolysis - tshem tawm ntawm ib qho protein tawg uas tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm qhov kawg (cais cov teeb liab txuas mus ntxiv) lossis, qee zaum, nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm cov molecule (kev loj hlob ntawm insulin),
  • kev xa los ntawm ntau pawg ua ke kom dawb cov amino thiab carboxyl pawg (N-acylation, myristoylation, thiab lwm yam),
• kev hloov kho ntawm txoj saw txuas ntawm cov amino acids,
  • kev sib ntxiv los sis kev tsis sib xyaw ntawm cov pawg tshuaj me me (glycosylation, phosphorylation, thiab lwm yam),
  • ntxiv ntawm lipids thiab hydrocarbons,
  • kev hloov pauv ntawm cov qauv amino acid seem rau tsis txheem (kev tsim ntawm citrulline),
  • qhov tsim ntawm disulfide txuas hniav ntawm cysteine ​​seem,
• qhov sib ntxiv ntawm cov protein me (sumoylation thiab ubiquitination).

Kev thauj sab hauv thiab sab nraud

Cov protein tawm ua ke nyob rau hauv cytoplasm ntawm eukaryotic cell yuav tsum thauj mus rau ntau lub cell cell sib txawv: lub nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (EPR), Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, thiab lwm yam, thiab qee cov protein yuav tsum nkag mus rau hauv nruab nrab sab nraud. Txhawm rau nkag mus rau qee ntu ntawm lub cell, cov protein yuav tsum muaj cov ntawv cim tshwj xeeb. Feem ntau, xws li daim ntawv lo yog ib feem ntawm cov amino acid ua ntu zus ntawm cov protein nws tus kheej (tus thawj coj peptide, lossis cov teeb liab txuas ntawm cov protein), tab sis qee qhov xwm txheej, oligosaccharides uas txuas rau cov protein yog daim ntawv lo.

Lub thauj ntawm cov protein nyob hauv EPR tau ua tiav raws li lawv tau sib sau ua ke, txij li ribosomes synthesizing protein nrog cov teeb liab tshwm sim rau EPR "zaum" ntawm cov protein tshwj xeeb ntawm nws daim nyias nyias. Los ntawm EPR rau lub Golgi apparatus, thiab los ntawm muaj mus rau lysosomes thiab rau sab nraud daim nyias nyias lossis mus rau nruab nrab sab nraud, cov protein nkag mus los ntawm kev thauj mus los vesicular. Proteins uas muaj cov cim hluav taws xob hauv cheeb tsam nuclear nkag mus rau nucleus los ntawm nuclear pores. Hauv mitochondria thiab chloroplasts, cov kab mob muaj cov cim hluav taws xob txuas mus ntxiv los ntawm kev paub tshwj xeeb ntawm protein txhais ntxaws nrog kev koom tes ntawm chaperones.

Tswj cov qauv thiab kev ua qias neeg

Tswj qhov tseeb chaw ntawm cov protein yog qhov tseem ceeb heev rau lawv txoj haujlwm. Lub cev tsis raug ntawm cov protein ua rau lawv cov kev sib sau ua ke tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib hloov, oxidation, kev ntxhov siab, lossis kev hloov pauv thoob ntiaj teb hauv lub cev ntawm lub hlwb. Kev tso ua ke ntawm cov protein yog cov cim ntawm kev laus. Nws ntseeg tau tias kev tsim cov protein tsis raug yog qhov ua lossis exacerbation ntawm cov kab mob xws li cystic fibrosis, kab mob lysosomal txuam nrog. raws li kev cuam tshuam neurodegenerative (Alzheimer, Huntington thiab Parkinson).

Hauv cov txheej txheem kev hloov pauv ntawm tes, plaub lub tswv yim tseem ceeb tau tsim los tiv thaiv cov protein ntau los ua ke. Thawj ob - rov qab khawm dua (rov ua haujlwm dua) nrog kev pab ntawm chaperones thiab cleavage nrog cov khoom tiv thaiv - tau pom ob qho tib si hauv cov kab mob thiab hauv cov muaj sia. Autophagy thiab tsub zuj zuj ntawm cov roj ntsha tsis haum hauv cov kab mob tshwj xeeb tsis muaj membrane yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm eukaryotes.

Lub peev xwm ntawm cov protein los kho qhov tseeb peb-txheej txheem tom qab denaturation pub peb ua qhov kev xav tias txhua cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov qauv kawg ntawm cov protein muaj nyob hauv nws cov amino acid sib lawv liag. Tam sim no, kev tshawb xav tias kev hloov pauv ruaj khov ntawm ib qhov protein muaj tsawg lub zog pub dawb yog muab piv nrog lwm cov kev ua tau zoo ntawm no polypeptide.

Hauv cov hlwb muaj cov pab pawg ntawm cov protein uas ua haujlwm yog los xyuas kom qhov tseeb ntawm lwm cov protein ntxiv tom qab lawv cov lus sib dhos ntawm cov tav, los kho cov qauv ntawm cov protein tom qab lawv puas tsuaj, nrog rau kev tsim thiab cuam tshuam ntawm cov protein ntau. Cov protein no yog hu ua chaperones. Qhov kev nkag siab ntawm ntau chaperones hauv lub xov tooj nce nrog qhov nce siab hauv huab cua sov, yog li lawv zwm rau pawg Hsp (Lus Askiv tshav kub roj protein - tshav kub ua kom yoo mov). Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm txhua lub chaperones rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev tuaj yeem muab piv txwv los ntawm cov piv txwv ntawm α-crystallin chaperone, uas yog ib feem ntawm lub lens ntawm tib neeg lub qhov muag. Kev hloov pauv nyob rau hauv cov protein no ua rau lub ntsej muag lo ntsiab muag vim qhov sib sau ua ke ntawm cov protein thiab, vim li ntawd, txhawm rau ua cataracts.

Yog tias cov qib tertiary ntawm cov protein tsis tuaj yeem rov qab, lawv yuav raug rhuav tshem los ntawm tes. Cov enzymes uas cov roj ntsha tsis zoo hu ua proteases.Ntawm thaj chaw ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm cov qauv molecule, proteolytic enzymes tau muab faib ua endopeptidases thiab exopeptidases:

• Endopeptidases, lossis cov proteinases, ua kom cov peptide baus hla dhau ntawm cov saw peptide Lawv paub txog thiab khi luv peptide ua ntu zuj zus ntawm cov substrates thiab kuj raug hydrolyze qhov khi ntawm qee cov amino acid seem.
• Exopeptidases hydrolyze peptides los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm cov saw: aminopeptidases los ntawm N-terminus, carboxypeptidases los ntawm C-terminus. Thaum kawg, dipeptidases cleave tsuas yog dipeptides.

Raws li cov txheej txheem catalysis, International Union rau Biochemistry thiab Molecular Biology qhia ntau chav kawm ntawm cov khoom tshwj xeeb, suav nrog serine proteases, aspartic proteases, cysteine ​​proteases, thiab metalloproteases.

Ib hom tshwj xeeb ntawm cov protease yog qhov proteasome, muaj ntau yam multisubunit protease tam sim no hauv lub nucleus thiab cytoplasm ntawm eukaryotes, archaea, thiab qee cov kab mob.

Txhawm rau kom cov phiaj protein tau raug pov tseg los ntawm cov proteasome, nws yuav tsum muaj daim ntawv lo los ntawm txuas cov protein ubiquitin me me rau nws. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntxiv ntawm ubiquitin yog catalyzed los ntawm cov enzymes ubiquitin ligases. Qhov sib ntxiv ntawm cov thawj ubiquitin lwg me rau cov protein ua cov cim rau ligases rau kev txuas ntxiv ntawm ubiquitin lwg me me. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, ib txoj hlua polyubiquitin txuas rau cov protein, uas khi rau cov khoom pov tseg thiab ua kom muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov phiaj protein. Feem ntau, cov kab ke no hu ua ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation. Qhov kev xiam ntawm 80-90% ntawm cov protein ua haujlwm nruab nrab yog tshwm sim nrog kev koom tes ntawm cov proteasome.

Protein degradation hauv peroxisomes yog qhov tseem ceeb rau ntau cov txheej txheem ntawm tes, nrog rau lub voj voog ntawm tes, kev tswj ntawm cov noob qhia, thiab teb rau oxidative kev nyuaj siab.

Autophagy yog txheej txheem ntawm kev ua kom xau ntawm biomolecules lub neej ntev, hauv cov protein tshwj xeeb, nrog rau cov organelles hauv lysosomes (hauv cov tsiaj ua haujlwm) lossis vacuoles (hauv cov poov xab). Autophagy sib xyaw nrog cov haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm qee cov xovtooj ntawm ib txwm, tab sis qhov tsis muaj zaub mov noj, muaj cov khoom ua rau lub cev puas tsuaj nyob rau hauv cytoplasm thiab, thaum kawg, muaj cov tawm ntawm cov protein tsis txaus thiab lawv cov kev sib sau ua ke hauv cytoplasm tuaj yeem pab txhawb qhov kev tsim kho ntawm autophagy hauv hlwb.

Peb hom autophagy muaj qhov txawv: microautophagy, macroautophagy, thiab chaperone-nyob autophagy.

Thaum lub sijhawm microautophagy, macromolecules thiab tawg ntawm cov cell ua ib ce yog ntes los ntawm lysosome. Txoj kev no, lub cell yuav zom cov protein nrog cov tsis muaj lub zog lossis lub tsev cov khoom siv (piv txwv, thaum lub sijhawm tshaib plab). Tab sis cov txheej txheem ntawm microautophagy tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib txwm muaj mob thiab feem ntau tsis sib xws. Qee zaum cov organoids kuj tau zom thaum lub sijhawm microautophagy, piv txwv li, microautophagy ntawm peroxisomes thiab ib nrab microautophagy ntawm nuclei nyob rau hauv lub cell tseem siv tau yog tau piav qhia hauv poov xab.

Hauv macroautophagy, ib feem ntawm cytoplasm (feem ntau muaj cov organoids) yog ib puag ncig los ntawm daim nyias nyias ib puag ncig zoo ib yam li lub cistern ntawm endoplasmic reticulum. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, cov xaib no yog sib cais tawm ntawm tus so ntawm lub cytoplasm los ntawm ob daim nyias nyias. Cov kab mob sib tshooj ob zaug hu ua autophagosomes. Autophagosomes sib koom ua ke nrog lysosomes, ua rau autophagolysosomes, nyob rau hauv uas organelles thiab tas cov ntsiab lus ntawm autophagosomes yog zom. Thaj, macroautophagy kuj tsis yog xaiv, txawm hais tias nws feem ntau tau hais meej tias nrog kev pab ntawm nws lub cell tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov kab mob uas muaj "tsis muaj hnub nyoog" (mitochondria, ribosomes, thiab lwm yam).

Qhov thib peb hom ntawm autophagy yog chaperone-nyob. Nyob rau hauv hom no, kev thauj khoom ntawm cov tawm ntawm cov protein tawm ntawm cov cytoplasm los ntawm lysosome membrane rau nws cov kab noj hniav tshwm sim, qhov chaw uas lawv tau zom. Qhov hom autophagy no, tau piav qhia tsuas yog nyob rau hauv hom tsiaj, yog ntxias los ntawm kev ntxhov siab.

JUNQ thiab IPOD

Hauv kev ntxhov siab, thaum lub eukaryotic cell tsis tuaj yeem tiv thaiv nrog kev txuam nrog ntau ntawm cov protein tsis kam tawm, lawv tuaj yeem xa mus rau ib ntawm ob hom kev ua haujlwm ib ntus - JUNQ thiab IPOD (Askiv) Lavxias. Cov.

JUNQ (Eng. JUxta Nuclear Tswjhwm zoo sib xyaw ua ke) muaj feem xyuam nrog kev sib txuas ntawm lub nruas hauv daim nyias nyias thiab muaj cov khoom ubiquitinated uas tuaj yeem hloov mus rau hauv cytoplasm, ntxiv rau chaperones thiab proteasomes. Lub luag haujlwm ntawm JUNQ yog rau refolde thiab / lossis cuam tshuam cov protein.

IPOD (Lus Askiv Insoluble Protein Deposit - qhov chaw ntawm deposition ntawm insoluble proteins) yog nyob ze rau hauv nruab nrab vacuole thiab muaj immobile aggregates ntawm amyloid-forming proteins. Kev txuam nrog cov protein no hauv IPOD tuaj yeem tiv thaiv lawv cov kev cuam tshuam nrog cov txheej txheem ib txwm ntawm cev, yog li ntawd, ntseeg tau tias qhov kev koom ua ke no muaj lub luag haujlwm tiv thaiv.

Lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov protein nyob hauv lub cev

Zoo li lwm cov roj ntsha macromolecules (polysaccharides, lipids thiab nucleic acids), cov protein yog cov tseem ceeb ntawm txhua yam muaj sia thiab ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv lub neej ntawm tes. Cov Proteins ua tiav cov txheej txheem metabolic. Lawv yog ib feem ntawm cov qauv hauv intracellular - organelles thiab cytoskeleton, zais rau hauv qhov chaw seem, qhov uas lawv tuaj yeem ua lub teeb liab kis ntawm cov hlwb, koom nrog cov hydrolysis ntawm cov zaub mov thiab kev tsim cov tshuaj intercellular.

Kev faib tawm cov protein ua raws li lawv lub luag haujlwm yog qhov txwv tsis pub siv, vim tib lub protein tuaj yeem ua ntau txoj haujlwm. Ib qho piv txwv uas tau kawm txog ntawm cov kev ua haujlwm ntau yog lysyl tRNA synthetase, ib qho enzyme los ntawm chav kawm ntawm aminoacyl tRNA synthetases, uas tsis tsuas yog xa cov lysine residue mus rau tRNA, tab sis kuj tseem tswj cov kev sib hloov ntawm ob peb caj ces. Proteins ua ntau lub zog vim lawv cov yeeb yaj kiab enzymatic. Yog li, cov enzymes yog myosin lub cev muaj zog protein, tswj cov protein kinase protein, thauj cov protein sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase, thiab lwm yam.

Catalytic muaj nuj nqi

Cov kev ua haujlwm uas paub zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov protein hauv lub cev yog cov catalysis ntawm ntau cov tshuaj lom neeg. Cov Enzymes yog cov protein uas muaj cov kev hloov pauv tshwj xeeb, uas yog, txhua qhov enzyme catalyzes ib lossis ntau cov kev tsis zoo sib xws. Enzymes catalyze qhov kev faib tawm ntawm cov molecules nyuaj (catabolism) thiab lawv cov kev sib txuas (anabolism), suav nrog DNA replication thiab kho thiab lej loj RNA synthesis. Txog xyoo 2013, ntau tshaj 5,000 cov enzymes tau piav qhia. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev nrawm nrawm ua rau cov enzymatic catalysis tuaj yeem loj heev: cov tshuaj tiv thaiv catalyzed los ntawm enzyme orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase, piv txwv li, nce 10 17 zaug sai dua qhov tsis-catalyzed ib (lub neej ib nrab ntawm lub decarboxylation ntawm orotic acid yog 78 lab xyoo tsis muaj enzyme thiab 18 plhaw). Molecules uas txuas rau ntawm enzyme thiab hloov raws li qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov tshwm sim hu ua substrates.

Txawm hais tias cov enzymes feem ntau muaj ntau pua ntawm cov amino acid residues, tsuas yog ib feem me me ntawm lawv cuam tshuam nrog cov txheej hauv qab, thiab txawm tias cov nyiaj me me - ntawm thaj tsam 3-4 amino acid seem, feem ntau nyob deb ntawm txhua lwm yam hauv thawj qauv - yog ncaj qha cuam tshuam rau hauv catalysis. Ib feem ntawm qhov enzyme molecule uas muab qhov khi ntawm lub substrate thiab catalysis yog hu ua lub chaw nquag.

Nyob rau xyoo 1992, International Union ntawm Biochemistry thiab Molecular Biology tau thov ua qhov kawg ntawm qhov hierarchical nomenclature ntawm enzymes raws li hom kev xav tau catalyzed los ntawm lawv. Raws li cov lus qhia no, cov npe ntawm cov enzymes yuav tsum muaj qhov xaus -lub hauv paus thiab daim ntawv los ntawm cov npe ntawm cov kev hloov pauv catalyzed thiab lawv cov substrates. Txhua qhov enzyme tau muab ib tus lej cim uas nws yog qhov yooj yim los txiav txim nws txoj haujlwm hauv cov hierarchy ntawm cov enzymes.Raws li hom kev hloov pauv catalyzed, tag nrho cov enzymes tau muab faib ua 6 chav kawm:

• CF 1: oxidoreductases uas catalyze redox kev cuam tshuam,
• CF 2: Hloov cov ntsiab lus uas hloov qhov hloov pauv ntawm pawg tshuaj los ntawm ib txheej txheej molecule mus rau lwm qhov,
• CF 3: Hydrolases ntsuas cov hydrolysis ntawm cov ntawv cog lus tshuaj,
• CF 4: Lyases catalyzing qhov rhuav tshem ntawm cov ntawv pov thawj tshuaj tsis muaj hydrolysis nrog kev tsim ntawm ob daim ntawv cog lus hauv ib qho ntawm cov khoom lag luam,
• CF 5: Isomerases uas hloov cov kev teeb tsa lossis kev hloov pauv hauv cov duab hauv qab cov qauv,
• CF 6: Ligases uas catalyze tsim kev sib txuas ntawm cov tshuaj khi nruab nrab ntawm cov substrates vim yog lub hydrolysis ntawm ATP diphosphate daim ntawv cog lus lossis zoo ib yam li triphosphate.

Cov qauv muaj nuj nqi

Tus txheej txheem protein ntawm cytoskeleton, ua ib hom armature, muab cov duab ua rau cov hlwb thiab ntau yam muaj sia thiab muaj kev koom tes hauv kev hloov cov duab ntawm cov hlwb. Cov txheej txheem protein feem ntau yog cov ntsiab lus: actin thiab tubulin monomers yog, piv txwv li, globular, soluble proteins, tab sis tom qab polymerization lawv tsim cov ntawv ntev ntev uas ua rau cytoskeleton, uas tso cai rau lub xov tooj ntawm tes kom zoo. Collagen thiab elastin yog cov tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom nruab nrab ntawm cov nqaij sib txuas (piv txwv, pob txha mos), thiab plaub hau, rau tes, noog plaub thiab qee lub plhaub yog ua los ntawm lwm cov keratin muaj protein ntau.

Kev tiv thaiv muaj nuj nqi

Muaj ntau hom kev tiv thaiv ua haujlwm ntawm cov protein:

1. Kev tiv thaiv lub cev. Kev tiv thaiv lub cev ntawm lub cev yog muab los ntawm collagen, protein uas ua lub hauv paus ntawm cov tshuaj intercellular ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg sib txuas (nrog rau cov pob txha, pob txha mos, leeg thiab pob txha tob ntawm daim tawv nqaij (dermis)), keratin, uas ua rau lub hauv paus ntawm lub suab tawv, cov plaub hau, plaub, plaub hau thiab lwm yam neeg mob ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Feem ntau, cov protein ua tau suav hais tias yog cov protein nrog cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm. Piv txwv ntawm cov protein ntawm pawg neeg no yog fibrinogen thiab thrombin koom nrog hauv cov ntshav coagulation.
2. Tshuaj tiv thaiv. Qhov khi ntawm co toxins mus rau cov protein molecules tuaj yeem muab lawv detoxification. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tshem tawm hauv tib neeg yog ua si los ntawm daim siab enzymes uas zom cov tshuaj lom los yog hloov mus rau hauv ib daim ntawv soluble, uas ua rau lawv tshem tawm ntawm lub cev sai.
3. Kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv. Proteins uas ua rau ntshav thiab lwm yam kua hauv lub cev yog koom nrog lub cev tiv thaiv tsis zoo rau kev puas tsuaj thiab nres ntawm cov kab mob. Cov protein ntau ntawm cov ua tiav thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob (immunoglobulins) koom nrog cov protein ntawm pawg thib ob, lawv sib cais cov kab mob, kab mob lossis cov protein txawv teb chaws. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob uas yog ib feem ntawm cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv kab mob, txuas rau cov tshuaj txawv teb chaws rau lub cev, antigens, thiab yog li ua kom lawv tsis tuaj yeem, coj ncaj qha rau cov chaw ntawm kev rhuav tshem. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tuaj yeem muab zais rau hauv qhov chaw nruab nrab lossis hloov kho rau ntawm daim nyias nyias ntawm cov kws tshwj xeeb B-lymphocytes hu ua plasmocytes.

Kev cai muaj nuj nqi

Ntau cov txheej txheem sab hauv lub hlwb raug tswj hwm los ntawm cov protein molecules, uas tsis yog qhov twg los ua lub zog, tsis yog lub tsev tsim rau lub cell. Cov roj ntsha no tswj cov kev hloov pauv ntawm tes hauv lub voj voog ntawm tes, hloov ntaub ntawv, txhais lus, ua luam, ua haujlwm ntawm lwm cov protein, thiab ntau lwm yam txheej txheem. Proteins ua cov kev cai ua haujlwm vim los ntawm kev ua haujlwm enzymatic (piv txwv li, kinases protein), lossis vim muaj kev khi rau lwm cov molecules. Yog li, qhov hloov pauv ntawm cov khoom siv, kev ua kom cov protein thiab cov kev tawm tsam cov protein, tuaj yeem hloov kho cov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov noob los ntawm khi rau lawv cov kev cai ib qib zuj zus. Ntawm qib txhais lus, kev nyeem ntawm ntau mRNAs tseem tau tswj hwm los ntawm qhov sib ntxiv ntawm cov protein.

Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv cov kev cai ntawm cov txheej txheem intracellular yog ua si los ntawm protein kinases thiab protein phosphatases - cov enzymes uas ua kom muaj zog lossis tiv thaiv kev ua haujlwm ntawm lwm cov protein los ntawm kev ua haujlwm rau lawv lossis los ntawm kev tshem tawm phosphate pab pawg.

Teeb liab muaj nuj nqi

Lub teeb liab ua haujlwm ntawm cov nqaijrog yog qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm cov protein ua cov khoom xaib, xa cov cim ntawm lub hlwb, ntaub so ntswg, kabmob thiab cov tsiaj muaj sia. Feem ntau, lub teeb liab ua haujlwm tau koom ua ke nrog tus tswj hwm ib qho, vim tias ntau tus txheej txheem tiv thaiv kab ke kuj xa cov cim.

Lub paib ua haujlwm tau ua los ntawm cov tshuaj hormones, cytokines, kev loj hlob, thiab lwm yam.

Cov tshuaj hormones yog nqa los ntawm cov ntshav. Cov tsiaj txhu tsiaj feem ntau yog cov protein lossis peptides. Kev khi ntawm cov tshuaj hormones rau nws cov receptor yog lub teeb liab uas ua kom lub xov tooj ntawm tes teb. Cov tshuaj hormones tswj hwm kev saib xyuas cov khoom hauv cov ntshav thiab cov cell, kev loj hlob, rov ua dua thiab lwm yam txheej txheem. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov protein ntawd yog insulin, uas tswj kev tswj hwm cov piam thaj hauv cov ntshav.

Cov qe ntshav sib cuam tshuam nrog lwm tus siv cov taw qhia kis tau kis los ntawm cov kab mob sib kis. Cov protein no suav nrog, piv txwv, cytokines thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev loj hlob.

Cytokines yog peptide signaling lwg me me. Lawv tswj cov kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov hlwb, txiav txim siab lawv txoj kev ciaj sia, txhawb lossis thaiv txoj kev loj hlob, sib txawv, kev ua haujlwm thiab apoptosis, ua kom muaj kev sib koom tes ntawm cov kabmob, endocrine thiab cov leeg hlwb. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm cytokines yog qhov ua rau cov qog necrosis, uas xa cov phiaj xwm mob nruab nrab ntawm cov qog ntawm lub cev.

Muaj chaw tso khoom (sawv)

Cov protein no suav nrog cov sib txuas ua ke cov protein, uas tau muab khaws cia ua qhov chaw ntawm lub zog thiab cov khoom hauv cov noob ntawm cov nroj tsuag (piv txwv li, 7S thiab 11S globulins) thiab cov qe tsiaj. Ib tug xov tooj ntawm lwm cov protein siv nyob rau hauv lub cev ua qhov chaw ntawm cov amino acids, uas nyob rau hauv lem yog ua ntej ntawm biologically active tshuaj uas tswj cov txheej txheem metabolic.

Receptor muaj nuj nqi

Protein receptors tuaj yeem nyob ob qho tib si hauv cytoplasm thiab sib koom ua ke rau hauv lub cell membrane. Ib feem ntawm cov receptor molecule tau txais lub teeb liab, uas feem ntau tau txais kev pabcuam los ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj, thiab hauv qee kis - lub teeb, lub tshuab kev ntxhov siab (piv txwv, ncab tawm) thiab lwm yam kev xav. Thaum lub teeb liab raug nthuav tawm rau qee qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov molecule - cov kab mob receptor - nws cov kev hloov pauv tau tshwm sim. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, kev hloov pauv ntawm lwm feem ntawm lub lwg me me, uas xa cov teeb liab mus rau lwm cov khoom siv ntawm tes, hloov pauv. Muaj ntau lub teeb liab kis tau tus mob. Qee tus neeg txais lub zog hloov qee yam tshuaj lom neeg, lwm tus ua raws li ion channels, uas qhib lossis kaw raws li qhov kev ua ntawm lub teeb liab, thaum lwm tus tshwj xeeb khi rau kev sib txuas lus ntawm cov tshuaj molecules. Ntawm membrane receptors, ib feem ntawm cov lwg me uas khi rau cov teeb liab molecule yog nyob rau ntawm lub xovtooj ntawm, thiab lub chaw uas xa cov teeb liab nyob sab hauv.

Lub cev muaj zog (lub cev muaj zog) muaj nuj nqi

Ib chav kawm tag nrho ntawm cov protein tawm lub cev ua haujlwm, piv txwv li mob nqaij ntshiv, nrog rau cov neeg hauv lub cev (myosin), kev txav ntawm cov hlwb hauv lub cev (piv txwv li, amoeboid kev txav ntawm leukocytes), kev txav ntawm cilia thiab flagella, nrog rau kev ua kom nquag thiab coj kev thauj mus los (kinesin, dynein) Cov. Dyneins thiab kinesins thauj cov lwg me me nrog microtubules siv ATP hydrolysis los ua lub zog hluav taws xob. Dyneins hloov cov lwg me me thiab cov organelles los ntawm qhov khoom nruab nrab ntawm lub cell mus rau qhov centrosome, kinesins - hauv kev coj rov qab. Dyneins tseem muaj lub luag haujlwm rau txav ntawm cilia thiab flagella ntawm eukaryotes. Cytoplasmic variants ntawm myosin tuaj yeem koom nrog kev thauj khoom ntawm cov lwg me me thiab kab mob los ntawm microfilaments.

Cov protein ntau hauv cov metabolism

Feem ntau cov kab mob me me thiab cov nroj tsuag tuaj yeem coj 20 cov amino acids, nrog rau ntxiv (tsis yog-tus qauv) amino acids, xws li citrulline.Tab sis yog cov amino acids muaj nyob hauv ib puag ncig, txawm tias cov kab mob me me txuag hluav taws xob los ntawm kev thauj cov amino acids mus rau hauv lub hlwb thiab tua lawv txoj hauv kev biosynthetic.

Cov amino acids uas tsis tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm cov tsiaj yog hu ua qhov tseem ceeb. Lub ntsiab enzymes hauv cov kab mob biosynthetic, piv txwv li, aspartate kinase, uas catalyzes thawj kauj ruam hauv kev tsim cov lysine, methionine thiab threonine los ntawm aspartate, yog cov tsis tuaj tsiaj.

Tsiaj txhu feem ntau tau txais cov amino acids los ntawm cov protein nyob hauv cov zaub mov. Proteins raug pov tseg thaum lub plab zom mov, uas feem ntau pib nrog denaturation ntawm cov protein los ntawm muab nws tso rau hauv ib puag ncig acidic thiab hydrolyzing nws siv cov enzymes hu ua proteases. Qee cov amino acids uas tau los ntawm kev zom zaub mov raug siv rau kev tsim ntawm lub cev cov nqaijrog, thaum tus so hloov pauv mus rau cov piam thaj thaum gluconeogenesis lossis siv nyob rau hauv Krebs. Kev siv cov protein ua cov khoom siv lub zog yog qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb ntawm kev yoo mov, thaum lub cev cov nqaijrog, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov leeg nqaij, ua lub zog qhov chaw. Amino acids kuj yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm nitrogen hauv lub cev kev noj haus.

Tsis muaj kev sib sau ua ke rau kev txais tib neeg cov protein. Lub microflora ntawm cov hnyuv loj ua ke cov amino acids uas tsis coj mus rau hauv kev npaj ntawm protein ntau.

Txoj kev tshawb no

Cov qauv thiab kev khiav dej num ntawm cov protein tau kawm ob qho tib si kev npaj ua kom huv hauv vitro, thiab hauv lawv qhov chaw ib txwm muaj sia, hauv vivoCov. Kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov ntshiab protein nyob rau hauv kev tswj cov mob muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev txiav txim siab lawv cov haujlwm: kev tig tau lub zog ntawm catalytic kev ua si ntawm cov enzymes, txheeb ze sib raug zoo rau ntau yam substrates, thiab lwm yam. hauv vivo hauv cov hlwb lossis hauv tag nrho cov tsiaj txhu muaj cov ncauj lus qhia ntxiv txog seb lawv ua haujlwm qhov twg thiab lawv cov haujlwm yog li cas.

Molecular thiab cellular biology

Cov txheej txheem molecular thiab cellular biology feem ntau yog siv los kawm kev tsim kho thiab kev sib tw ntawm cov nqaijrog hauv lub cell. Ib txoj hauv kev ntawm kev kawm hauv ib cheeb tsam yog siv dav, raws li kev sib txuas ntawm cov chim chim protein nyob rau hauv ib lub cell, muaj cov protein uas tau kawm, txuas nrog rau "tus tshaj xo", piv txwv li, ntsuab fluorescent protein (GFP). Qhov chaw nyob ntawm cov protein nyob hauv xovtooj ntawm tes tuaj yeem pom siv cov duab hluav taws xob fluorescence. Ntxiv rau, cov protein yuav pom tau tias yog siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas paub txog lawv, uas nyeg nqa cov ntawv fluorescent. Feem ntau, ib txhij nrog cov protein tau kawm, paub cov protein ntawm cov organelles xws li endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes thiab vacuoles raug pom tseeb, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm txiav txim siab ntau dua qhov chaw hauv cov protein nyob hauv kev kawm.

Cov txheej txheem Immunohistochemical feem ntau siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob sib txuas rau cov enzymes uas ua rau kev tsim cov luminescent lossis cov khoom lag luam xim, uas tso cai rau koj los piv cov chaw hauv zos thiab cov nyiaj protein tau kawm hauv qhov qauv. Ib tug txheej txheem uas tsis tshua muaj ntau rau kev txiav txim qhov chaw ntawm cov protein yog kom sib npaug ntawm cov feem ua haujlwm ntawm cov zauv feem ntawm tes hauv cov gradient ntawm sucrose lossis cesium chloride.

Thaum kawg, ib qho ntawm cov txheej txheem txheej thaum ub yog immunoelectronic microscopy, uas yog lub hauv paus zoo ib yam li immunofluorescence microscopy nrog qhov sib txawv uas siv hluav taws xob tsom siv hluav taws xob. Cov qauv yog npaj rau lub tshuab hluav taws xob me me, thiab tom qab ntawd ua tiav nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rau cov protein uas txuas nrog rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob-ntom, feem ntau yog kub.

Siv qhov chaw qhia hloov mutagenesis, cov kws tshawb fawb tuaj yeem hloov cov amino acid sib lawv liag ntawm cov protein thiab, vim li ntawd, nws cov qauv txij nkawm, qhov chaw nyob hauv lub cell thiab txoj cai ntawm nws cov haujlwm. Siv cov qauv no, siv cov kev hloov pauv tRNAs, cov amino acids uas tsis muaj tswv yim tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv cov protein thiab cov protein nrog cov khoom tshiab tuaj yeem tsim.

Biochemical

Ua ib qho kev tshawb xyuas hauv vitro cov protein yuav tsum huv huv los ntawm lwm cov khoom siv ntawm tes. Tus txheej txheem no feem ntau pib nrog kev rhuav tshem cov hlwb thiab tau txais lub npe hauv kev txiav tawm. Ntxiv mus, los ntawm kev ua centrifugation thiab ultracentrifugation txoj kev, cov extract no tuaj yeem muab faib ua: ib feem muaj cov roj soluble, ib feem uas muaj cov lipids thiab cov protein, thiab cov feem uas muaj cov cellelles thiab nucleic acids.

Protein nag lossis daus los ntawm salting tawm yog siv los cais cov khoom sib xyaw protein, thiab tseem tso cai rau cov protein ntau. Sedimentation tsom xam (centrifugation) tso cai rau koj los fractionate protein sib tov los ntawm tus nqi ntawm sedimentation tas mus li ntawm ib leeg cov protein, ntsuas hauv svedbergs (S). Ntau hom chromatography yog tom qab siv los cais cov yam xav tau los yog cov protein ua raws li cov khoom xws li molecular phaus, them nyiaj, thiab sib raug zoo. Ib qho ntxiv, cov protein tawm tuaj yeem raug rho tawm raws li lawv txoj kev siv uas siv electrofocus.

Los ua kom yooj yim cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua kom muaj protein ntau, kev tsim kho caj ces feem ntau siv, uas tso cai rau koj los tsim cov keeb kwm ntawm cov protein uas yooj yim rau kev ua kom huv huv yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau lawv cov qauv lossis kev ua si. "Cov ntawv cim", uas yog cov kab mob amino acid me me, piv txwv li, ib cov saw ntawm 6 lossis ntau dua cov khoom seem cev histidine, thiab tau txuas rau ib kawg ntawm cov protein. Thaum cov extract ntawm cov hlwb synthesizing rau "sau npe" cov protein tau dhau los ntawm cov ntawv chromatographic uas muaj nickel ions, histidine khi nrog nickel thiab tseem nyob rau ntawm kem, thaum cov seem ntawm lysate dhau los ntawm kem tsis muaj npe (nickel-chelate chromatography). Ntau lwm cov ntawv sau tau tsim los pab cov kws tshawb fawb cais cov protein tshwj xeeb los ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw ntau dhau los, feem ntau siv cov affinity chromatography.

Qib ntawm kev ua kom muaj protein ntau tuaj yeem txiav txim siab yog tias nws qhov hnyav molecular thiab isoelectric point tau paub - siv ntau hom gel electrophoresis - lossis los ntawm kev ntsuas cov enzymatic kev ua si yog tias cov protein yog ib qho enzyme. Cov huab hwm coj loj tso cai rau koj los txheeb xyuas cov protein uas raug xaiv los ntawm nws lub cev hnyav thiab qhov hnyav ntawm nws cov tawg.

Kev txhaum suav

Qhov tag nrho ntawm cov cell protein yog hu ua proteome, nws txoj kev tshawb nrhiav - proteomics, hu ua los ntawm cov piv txwv nrog genomics. Tseem ceeb hauv txoj kev soj ntsuam proteomics suav nrog:

• 2D electrophoresis, uas tso cai sib cais ntawm cov roj tov ntau cov protein ntau,
• huab hwm coj spectrometry, uas tso cai rau cov cim ntawm cov protein los ntawm cov pawg ntawm lawv cov peptides uas muaj lub zog siab,
• protein microarrays, uas tso cai rau koj ib txhij ntsuas cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov naj npawb ntawm cov protein ntau hauv lub cell,
• ob-hybrid poov xab system , uas tso cai rau koj kom kawm cov kab ke protein-sib cuam tshuam zoo.

Qhov tag nrho ntawm txhua qhov kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm biologically ntawm cov protein nyob hauv ib lub cell yog hu ua kev sib tham. Kev kawm txog kev teeb tsa cov qauv ntawm cov protein sawv cev rau txhua yam ua tau los ntawm tertiary cov qauv yog hu ua structural genomics.

Qauv txheej txheem kev twv thiab qauv

Kev twv ua ntej ntawm cov qauv ntsig txog kev siv cov khoos phis tawm computer (hauv silico) tso cai tsim cov qauv protein uas nws tus qauv tseem tsis tau txiav txim siab hauv kev sim. Hom kev vam meej tshaj plaws ntawm kev teeb tsa ua qauv, paub hu ua homological qauv, vam khom rau cov qauv uas twb muaj lawm "qauv", zoo sib xws hauv cov amino acid sib luag rau cov simulated protein. Cov hau kev rau kev twv kom pom qhov sib thooj ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm cov protein raug siv rau hauv kev nthuav dav ntawm kev tsim kho caj ces ntawm cov protein, nrog kev pab ntawm cov twg tshiab tertiary cov qauv ntawm cov protein tau txais. Ib txoj hauv kev ua kom paub ntau dua yog kev twv ua ntej ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam intermolecular, xws li molecular docking thiab twv ua ntej ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm protein-protein.

Cov kauj vab sib xyaw thiab sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov protein tuaj yeem ua qauv siv cov qauv thev naus laus zis. , tshwj xeeb hauv kev tshaj lij, cov thev naus laus zis thiab Monte Carlo cov txheej txheem, uas tau nce zuj zus kom zoo dua ntawm cov mus tib seem thiab faib cov kev faib tawm (piv txwv li Folding @ tsev project).Kev khawm lub cev muaj protein me me, xws li cov protein tsis txaus lossis ib qho kev tiv thaiv cov kabmob HIV, tau ua tiav zoo. hauv silicoCov. Siv cov kev sib txuas ua ke uas sib xyaw cov qauv sib npaug molecular puab nrog quantum mechanics, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntawm lub teeb pom kev zoo xim rhodopsin tau raug tshawb xyuas.