Cov tshuaj hormones dab tsi yog cov kab mob rog (cholesterol)?

1. Tseem ceeb acids
2. Cov tshuaj hormones steroid
3. Vitamin D
4. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov quav
5. Lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov roj (cholesterol) yog tsim los ntawm kev tsim cov paj hlwb

Tau ntau xyoo tsis muaj kev vam meej nrog CHOLESTEROL?

Lub taub hau ntawm lub koom haum: “Koj yuav xav tsis thoob tias yooj yim npaum li cas nws los txo cov roj (cholesterol) los ntawm kev siv tshuaj txhua hnub.

Cov kws tshawb fawb yeej ntseeg tau hais tias tus neeg mob caj dab yog ib qho tsim nyog ua tib zoo saib. Lawv ntxiv dag zog rau tib neeg lub cev thiab tiv thaiv tus kab mob tsis zoo ntawm cov kab mob phem. Cov tshuaj no inhibit qhov kev loj hlob ntawm ntau cov kab mob tuag taus. Cov kev coj ua ntawm cov roj (cholesterol) muaj xws li cov kua tsib acids.

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov no yog cholic acid. Qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj ntawm cov kua tsib. Qee qhov kev coj ua ntawm cov roj (cholesterol) tsis tau kawm tag nrho: cov khoom ntawm cholestanos paub tag nrho. Nws yog pawg neeg ntawm cov tshuaj steroids. Cholestanos accumulates hauv cov qog adrenal.

Peb cov neeg nyeem tau siv Aterol ua tiav kom qis cov roj (cholesterol). Pom qhov nrov ntawm cov khoom no, peb tau txiav txim siab muab nws rau koj kom txaus siab.

Tseem ceeb acids

Cov roj khov ua kua oxidation, yog li cov tshuaj steroid yog tsim. Cov tshuaj ua ke ntawm cov kua tsib kua qaub tshwm sim hauv lub siab. Cov kev tsim los ntawm cov roj (cholesterol) suav nrog cholic, chenodeoxycholic acid. Qee qhov ntawm lawv muaj hauv cov kua tsib hauv daim ntawv ntawm ntsev. Ua tsaug rau cov kua tsib kua qaub, kua lipids yog cov khoom cua.

Thaum cov kua tsib lub qhov txhaws txhaws, qhov tsim los ntawm cov kua tsib yog cuam tshuam, vim qhov no hypovitaminosis kev loj hlob (muaj qhov tsis txaus ntawm cov vitamins nyob hauv lub cev). Qhov no yog vim qhov tseeb tias nrog pathologies ntawm bile duct, qhov nqus ntawm cov rog-soluble vitamins nyuaj nyuaj.

Cov tshuaj hormones steroid

Cov tshuaj hormones dab tsi yog cov caj ces roj (cholesterol)? Tsib tsib hom tshuaj steroid yog qhov txawv. Lawv tswj cov txheej txheem yooj yim hauv lub cev.

Progesterone xav tau rau kev xeeb menyuam: ua tsaug rau nws, ib lub qe yog cog noob. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev sib luag ntawm kev yug menyuam hauv plab. Glucocorticoids tshem tawm cov txheej txheem hauv lub cev.
Mineralocorticoids tswj kev ua kom muaj cov ntsev zoo tshaj plaws hauv lub cev: thaum lawv tsis txaus, ib tus neeg cov ntshav cov ntshav poob qis.

Cov tshuaj hormones steroid normalize metabolism hauv. Tam sim no, lawv tseem tau txais synthetically. Xws li cov kev coj ua ntawm cov roj (cholesterol) hauv lawv cov txiaj ntsig zoo tsis yog qhov qis dua rau cov kwv yees qub.

Nws kuj tseem hais txog cov roj ntsha ua haujlwm zoo. Cov tshuaj tso cai rau kev nqus ntawm calcium, tsim nyog rau kev tsim ntawm tib neeg lub cev pob txha, ua kom lub cev tiv thaiv cov kab mob.

Vitamin thiab nws cov keeb kwm tsis poob lawv lub zog thaum kho tshav kub ntawm cov khoom uas muaj cov tshuaj no.

Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov quav

Nws tiv thaiv qhov tshwm sim ntawm mob qog noj ntshav, txhim kho lub hlwb ua haujlwm.

Vitamin D thiab nws cov txiaj ntsig yog siv los kho sclerosis. Ua tsaug rau lawv, kev txhawb nqa tib neeg lub cev muaj zog. Nrog rau qhov tsis muaj cov tshuaj no hauv cov menyuam yaus, rickets tshwm sim. Hauv cov neeg laus, uas tsis muaj vitamin, lub cev kom zoo zuj zus, qaug zog nce, pw tsaug zog yog cuam tshuam. Yog li, khoom noj khoom haus yuav tsum ua kom sib npaug.

Lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov roj (cholesterol) yog tsim los ntawm kev tsim cov paj hlwb

Cov kws kho mob hauv Swedish ua haujlwm ntawm lub koom haum Carolina tau ua pov thawj tias cov roj (cholesterol) yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tswj hwm ntau lub hlwb. Lawv ntseeg tau hais tias cov kab mob uas muaj cov tshuaj dopamine yuav tsum muab tshuaj ua kom zoo.

Cov khoom noj ntawm cov roj (cholesterol) tiv thaiv qhov kev loj hlob ntawm cov hlwb hlwb, tus lej ntawm dopamine neurons hauv lawv nce. Qhov kev pom no tau dhau los ua ib qho kev hloov pauv. Parkinson cov neeg mob tau pom tias muaj kev cia siab ntawm kev rov zoo.

Cov kws kho mob hlwb ntseeg tias tsis ntev tom ntej no nws yuav muaj peev xwm hloov cov khoom cua sib txuas ua ke hloov ntawm cov paj hlwb raug mob. Qhov no yuav dhau los ua txoj hauv kev tshiab los kho cov mob hlwb.

Cov roj khov hauv cov poj niam tom qab 40 xyoo

• Ntau hom roj ntsha hauv cov ntshav
• Cov roj khov rau cov poj niam tshaj 40 xyoo
• Cov cim thiab cov teeb meem ntawm cov cholesterol hauv cov poj niam tom qab 40
• Kev Kho Mob hypercholesterolemia

Cov cai ntawm cov roj (cholesterol) hauv cov poj niam tom qab 40 yog qhov yooj yim uas cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev kuaj ntshav ib txwm piv rau txhua tus neeg mob hnub nyoog los ntawm tus kws kho mob hauv zos lossis tsev neeg tus kws kho mob. Vim tias nws yog thaum muaj hnub nyoog plaub caug xyoo uas premenopause pib - kev tsim cov tshuaj estrogens, uas yav dhau los tsim qee tus poj niam "zoo dua" thiab pab txhawb cov qis cov roj cholesterol hauv qhov sib piv nrog txiv neej, maj mam poob qis.

Tau hla lub hnub nyoog no pib, cov poj niam yuav tsum tsis txhob xav tsis thoob thaum, ua ke nrog kev xa mus rau kev kuaj ntshav dav dav, lawv yuav tau txais kev teem sijhawm rau kev kawm biochemical ntawm lipid tsis. Qhov tsom xam no hu ua lipid profile lossis lipid profile (xwm txheej). Yog tias, raws li kev soj ntsuam, qhov txawv txav ntawm qhov feem ntau tau qhia, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia nce ntxiv, tom qab ntawd kev soj ntsuam los ntawm tus kws kho plawv thiab tus kws kho qhov muag endocrinologist yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua.

Ntau hom roj ntsha hauv cov ntshav

Tib neeg lub cev tsim tawm 80% ntawm cov roj (cholesterol) uas nws yuav tsum tsim lub qog cell, cov metabolism hauv lub cev ib txwm, kev tsim cov tshuaj hormones, bile acids thiab vitamin D. Qhov seem 20% yuav tsum muaj nrog zaub mov. Tag nrho cov rog no, thiab cov uas tau sib xyaw ntawm daim siab thiab txiav tawm los ntawm cov zaub mov, muaj cov qauv sib txawv thiab tuaj yeem "zoo" lossis "tsis zoo".

Txhawm rau tau txais lipid profile nyob rau hauv koj txhais tes, koj tuaj yeem pom cov cim hauv qab no:

• LDL (beta-lipoproteins) yog cov lipoproteins tsawg tsawg. Lawv yog cov peev txheej rau kev tsim cov viav vias ntawm plaques thiab vim li ntawd lawv tau txais cov lus txhais tias "phem".

• HDL (alpha lipoproteins) - lipoproteins ntau ntom ntom. Lawv suav hais tias yog "zoo" vim tias lawv pab tshem cov roj cholesterol ntau hauv lub cev ntawm lub cev.
• Triglycerides yog cov tshuaj lom neeg tshwj xeeb hauv cov khoom noj muaj rog lossis ua kom sib haum hauv lub cev los ntawm carbohydrates. Tso rau hauv cov rog hlwb thiab siv rau thaum muaj mob hnyav yuav tsum tau siv lub zog. Kev nce siab ua rau pom kev mob pancreatitis.
• OXS yog tag nrho cov roj (cholesterol). Nws yog tus lej ntawm HDL thiab LDL. Nquag, 60-70% ntawm tag nrho cov roj (cholesterol) yog LDL.

Rau ib daim ntawv. Thaum lub sijhawm txiav txim siab lipid xwm txheej, qhov tsis zoo ntau dua tsis yog qhov nce ntxiv, tab sis txo qis (!) Hauv HDL. Nrog tus nqi siab ntawm triglycerides, qib ntawm LDL hauv kev tsom xam tsis raug, thiab nws tus nqi raug hloov los ntawm qhov ntsuas tshwj xeeb "tsis yog HDL" = OXC - HDL.

Cov roj khov rau cov poj niam tshaj 40 xyoo

Lub koom haum WHO tau tawm tswv yim pom zoo tias cov txiv neej thiab poj niam, pib txij hnub nyoog 20 xyoo, kuaj cov roj (cholesterol) ib zaug txhua 5 xyoos. Txawm li cas los xij, txhawm rau teb hauv lub sijhawm thiab tiv thaiv atherosclerotic tso rau hauv cov hlab ntsha thiab kev txhim kho ntawm cov hlab plawv, txawm tias cov poj niam noj qab haus huv tom qab 40 xyoo tau pom zoo kom ua kev tshawb nrhiav biochemical ntawm cov ntshav txhaws rau cov roj cholesterol tsawg kawg ib xyoos ib zaug.

Txhawm rau kom paub qhov txawv txav, kuaj ntshav ntxiv biochemical (cov enzymes, cov tshuaj hormones, c-reactive protein) thiab cov kev kawm ntawm cov khoom nruab nrog sab hauv tuaj yeem kho tau.

Cov cim thiab cov teeb meem ntawm cov cholesterol hauv cov poj niam tom qab 40

Sab nraud, ob lub siab thiab cov roj (cholesterol) tsawg tsis muaj cov cim ua cim. Txawm li cas los xij, cov tsos mob tsis ncaj ntawm qib siab uas tau tuav ntev ntev yuav hnov ​​mob hauv plawv thiab / lossis hnyav ncawv hauv cov ceg.

Qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov roj cholesterol hauv cov poj niam tom qab 40 xyoo tuaj yeem siab rau cov laj thawj hauv qab no:

• qhov tseem ceeb ntshav siab tshaj 140/90,
• pathology ntawm cov hlab ntshav
• yam ntshav qab zib
• lub qog ua haujlwm tsawg dua,
• pathology ntawm lub siab thiab ob lub raum,
• kev loj hlob hormone tsis txaus,
• mob gout
• anorexia nervosa
• kev ua neej nyob qis qis, rog dhau, noj tsis txaus noj mov, haus dej cawv, haus luam yeeb tsim txom.

Los ntawm txoj kev, muaj ib lub tswv yim hais tias kev haus cawv pab tswj tus nqi ntawm cov roj (cholesterol) tag nrho. Qhov tseeb, txawm tias kev haus cawv, tag nrho cov roj (cholesterol) yuav ua tau li qub, tab sis qhov sib txig sib luag ntawm nws lub cev hloov pauv - lub cev tsis ua haujlwm zoo "lipids" thiab muaj qhov tsis zoo ntawm kev tsis zoo.

Rau ib daim ntawv. Siv cov Friedewald mis: LDL = OXS - HDL - (0.2 x triglycerides) mg / dL, tus kws kho plawv tuaj yeem soj ntsuam qhov nyiam txhim kho atherosclerotic vascular puas tsuaj txawm tias ib txwm muaj nuj nqis ntawm OXC.

Kev Kho Mob hypercholesterolemia

Nws yog qhov ua tau kom tshem tawm cov phab ntsa ntawm cov hlab ntsha los ntawm cov plahaum roj ntsha tsuas yog hauv kev ua haujlwm, thiab cov tshuaj tseem tsis tuaj yeem cheem lawv cov kev tsim - noj cov tshuaj niaj hnub tsuas yog pab txo qis kev txhim kho ntawm cov txheej txheem no. Nws tsis tsim nyog nws thiab cia siab rau lwm txoj kev siv tshuaj los yog lwm txoj kev kho mob. Lawv tsis tuaj yeem tiv thaiv cov haujlwm no.

Rau cov poj niam uas tau txheeb xyuas cov roj ntshav siab, ua ntej txhua yam, lawv yuav raug sim txo qis nws yam tsis muaj kev noj tshuaj - txiav luam yeeb, haus dej cawv, pw tsaug zog 8 teev ib hnub, ua kom lub cev ua haujlwm txhua hnub, ua kom lub cev hnyav thiab ua raws li cov roj (cholesterol) - lipid-txo cov zaub mov noj. Hauv qhov no, koj yuav tsum paub ntsuas. Ua raws li kev noj zaub mov ntau dhau tsis zoo tuaj yeem cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau lub cev xwb tab sis kuj ua rau muaj kev mob hlwb thiab.

Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub thaum kev sim txo qis roj tsuas yog nrog kev pab los ntawm kev tawm dag zog thiab ua raws li kev noj haus anticholesterol tsis nqa qhov txiaj ntsig uas xav tau, thiab tseem yog tias hypercholesterolemia tshwm sim los ntawm cov kab mob uas qib OXS khov kho siab dua 6.22 mmol / l, kev kho mob tshwj xeeb.

Cov qauv tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv tshuaj kho mob rau cov roj (cholesterol) siab yog kev tswj hwm lub neej ntev ntev ntawm statins, uas tuaj yeem ntxiv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kabmob, ntxiv cov kua tsib cov kua qaub, cov kab mob fibroic acid derivatives, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob cholesterol. Qee zaum statins tuaj yeem hloov lossis ntxiv nrog Niacin.

Statins muaj peev xwm ua tau los txwv cov kev ua qeeb qeeb hauv cov hlab ntshav thiab muaj qhov cuam tshuam rau kev tsim cov roj cholesterol los ntawm lub siab, txo kev pheej hmoo ntawm lub plawv nres thiab yog li pab txhawb kev ua neej ntev.

Saib xyuas! Statins tsis ua rau quav. Tom qab lawv tshem tawm, theem ntawm cov cholesterol yuav rov qab mus rau nws qib qub, tab sis nws yuav tsis nce ntxiv 2 zaug. Cov kev tsis zoo rau cov tshuaj statins yog cov tsis zoo, thiab cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev coj lawv yog ntau zaus ntau dua li kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tsim muaj cov teebmeem no.

Cov poj niam hauv qab no tom qab 40 yuav twv yuav raug hu tsis ua yam tsis muaj kev kho tshwj xeeb nrog txaj:

• keeb kwm ntawm mob hlab ntsha tawg, mob plawv nres, lub plawv nres pias (angina pectoris), kev siv ischemic hloov, mob plawv mob sai, mob hlab ntsha tawg, hloov hlab plawv, mob leeg
• cov mob ntshav qab zib nrog LDL 70-189 mg / dl,

• nrog rau kev nce hauv lipoproteins tsawg ntom> 189 mg / dl,
• yog tias kev sim tshuaj rau c-reactive protein, fibrinogen thiab / lossis homocysteine ​​yog qhov txawv txav,
• rog
• Cov neeg haus luam yeeb hnyav thiab cov uas tsis kam hloov mus rau kev noj qab haus huv zoo.

Thiab nyob rau hauv xaus, peb ntxiv tias kev ntshai ua ntej tsis muaj nqis - rau cov poj niam tshaj plaub caug, nce me ntsis hauv cov roj yog lub zog thiab tsis suav hais tias yog pathology. Ib qho ntxiv, kev soj ntsuam tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm tus poj niam npaj tsis zoo rau qhov kev kawm no, kev ntsuas lub zog ntsuas tsis zoo lossis cov cuab yeej tsis zoo ntawm chav pabcuam. Koj yuav tsum rov ua txoj kev kawm no thiab teem sijhawm nrog kws kho plawv.

Lo lus nug 21 Lub luag haujlwm roj ntsha ntawm cov neeg xa xov hauv theem pib hauv kev xa cov lus cim hormonal

Cov txheej txheem dav dav uas cov kev hloov roj ntsha ntawm "cov neeg xa xov xwm" thib ob tau paub sab hauv lub cell yog cov txheej txheem ntawm phosphorylation - dephosphorylation ntawm cov protein nrog kev koom tes ntawm ntau cov protein kinases uas cuam tshuam kev thauj cov pab pawg kawg ntawm ATP rau OH pawg ntawm itine serine itreonine, thiab qee zaum muaj tyrosine ntawm cov phiaj protein. Cov. Cov txheej txheem phosphorylation yog ib qho tseem ceeb tom qab tau txais kev hloov kho cov tshuaj hloov pauv ntawm cov protein molecules uas hloov pauv cov qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm. Hauv tshwj xeeb, nws ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm cov txheej txheem yam ntxwv (koom nrog lossis cuam tshuam ntawm cov ntu sib cais), kev ua kom zoo lossis kev txwv ntawm lawv lub zog, thaum kawg txiav txim siab tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg thiab txhua yam ua haujlwm ntawm lub hlwb.

22. Steroid cov tshuaj hormones. Mechanism thiab blah blah blah

Tsis zoo li peptide, cov tshuaj hormones steroid yooj yim nkag mus rau lub plasma membrane ntawm cov hlwb thiab cuam tshuam nrog lawv cov receptors hauv cytoplasm thiab / lossis nucleus ntawm lub hom phiaj xov tooj. Qee qhov tshuaj steroid hormone receptors yog oncoproteins (e.g. erbA). Txhua tus steroid lawm receptors muaj ib qhov chaw DNA khi. Hauv lwm lo lus, steroid hormone receptors yog transmissions yam. Qhov kawg tshwm sim ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuaj steroid thiab nws cov receptor yog hloov cov spectrum ntawm hloov pauv cov noob. Yog li, qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev nqis tes ua ntawm cov tshuaj hormones steroid ntawm lub hom phiaj cell yog qhov pib ntawm kev coj los ua ke ntawm cov protein tshwj xeeb, uas yog hloov cov metabolism hauv ob lub hom phiaj cell thiab ntau lwm lub cev lub cev. Cov roj ntsha ua ke nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuaj steroid tuaj yeem ua lawv tus kheej los yog cov tshuaj hormones lossis lwm yam tseem ceeb rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cell, piv txwv li, enzymes. Tom qab tso tawm ntawm cov cell endocrine, cov tshuaj hormones steroid nkag mus rau hauv cov hlab ntshav, qhov twg kwv yees li 95% ntawm cov tshuaj hormones khi rau cov kev thauj khoom tshwj xeeb (transcortins, testosterone-khi khi cov protein, ntau yam albumin thiab globulins). Steroid lawm cov receptors yog muab faib ua tej pab pawg neeg ntau zog ntawm nuclear receptors, kuj tseem muaj cov receptors rau retinoids, vitamin D3, triiodothyronine. Tom qab cov tshuaj steroid lawm lwg me me nkag mus rau hauv cov phiaj xov tooj, lawv tuaj yeem ua rau cov lus teb tsuas yog muaj cov qhia tshwj xeeb rau cov tshuaj no hauv lub cell. Yog li, cov tshuaj estrogen ua tiav nyob hauv cov phiaj hlwb ntawm lub tsev menyuam, cov qog thiab lub hlwb. Cov cell ntawm cov plaub hau nyob rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij ntawm lub ntsej muag thiab erectile cov nqaij ntawm chaw mos muaj androgen receptors. Glucocorticoid receptors muaj nyob hauv yuav luag txhua lub hlwb. Hauv lub xovtooj ntawm tes, txhua chav kawm tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib deev steroid hormones (androgens, estrogens, progestins) ua rau kev txhim kho ntawm cov xov xwm txheej xwm uas suav nrog (I) txoj kev khi ntawm cov tshuaj steroid rau nws cov receptor, (I) allosteric conformational hloov hauv cov qauv ntawm lub receptor, hloov lub receptor los ntawm qhov tsis muaj zog mus rau ib qho kev nquag. , (III) kev khi ntawm cov tshuaj steroid receptor ua kom yooj yim los tswj cov ntsiab lus ntawm DNA, (IV) kev hloov pauv thiab sib txuas ntawm cov tshiab m-RNA lwg me me, (V) kev txhais lus ntawm m-RNA thiab hluavtaws cov protein tshiab. Thaum lub sijhawm hloov pauv, RNA polymerase II khi rau tus neeg tshaj tawm, thaj chaw tshwj xeeb ntawm DNA lwg me me, los ntawm cov polymer sib txuas pib. RNA polymerase II yub ib feem ntawm DNA ob npaug helix, ua kom pom cov lej tsim los ua kom sib luag. Thaum RNA polymerase ntsib qhov teeb meem hloov zuj zus, teeb meem polymer yog kaw. Yuav luag txhua qhov kev paub txog pharmacological thiab physiological txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kev ua ntawm cov tshuaj hormones steroid tau txais ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm kev tshawb fawb txog cov tshuaj steroid.Qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov tshuaj hormones steroid yog nyob ntawm qhov sib raug zoo ntawm cov receptor rau cov tshuaj hormones lossis nws cov pharmacological analogue, nrog rau cov kev ua haujlwm ntawm tag nrho cov tshuaj tiv thaiv allosterically activated-receptor complex nyob rau hauv txoj cai ntawm kev hloov tsheb.

23. Lub tswv yim ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm cov protein hormones ....

Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm peptide, cov tshuaj hormones protein thiab catecholamines. Ligand. Cov tshuaj molecule feem ntau hu ua thawj tus kws kho nruab nrab ntawm cov nyhuv ntxawg, lossis ligand. Cov lwg me me ntawm feem ntau cov tshuaj hormones khi rau lawv cov tshwj xeeb muab rau ntawm lub plasma daim nyias nyias ntawm cov phiaj hlwb, tsim txoj kev ua ligand-receptor. Rau peptide, cov tshuaj hormones protein thiab catecholamines, nws qhov kev tsim yog qhov tseem ceeb thaum pib txuas hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev coj ua thiab ua rau kev ua kom cov membrane enzymes thiab kev tsim ntawm ntau cov kev sib kho nruab nrab ntawm cov tshuaj hormones hormonal effect, uas paub lawv cov kev ua hauv cytoplasm, organoids, thiab cell nucleus. Ntawm cov enzymes uas ua haujlwm los ntawm cov ligand-receptor complex, adenylate cyclase, guanylate cyclase, phospholipases C, D thiab A2, tyrosine kinases, phosphattyrosine phosphatases, phosphoinositide-3-OH kinase, serine threonine kinase, thiab synthase tau piav qhia. tsim nyob rau hauv qhov kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov membrane no yog: 1) cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), 2) cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), 3) inositol-3-phosphate (IPF), 4) diacylglycerol, 5) oligo (A) (2, 5-oligoisoadenylate), 6) Ca2 + <ионизированный кальций),="" 7)="" фосфатидная="" кислота,="" 8)="" циклическая="" аденозиндифосфатрибоза,="" 9)="" n0="" (оксид="" азота).="" многие="" гормоны,="" образуя="" лиганд-рецепторные="" комплексы,="" вызывают="" активацию="" одновременно="" нескольких="" мембранных="" ферментов="" и,="" соответственно,="" вторичных="" посредников.="" значительная="" часть="" гормонов="" и="" биологически="" активных="" веществ="" взаимодействуют="" с="" семейством="" рецепторов,="" связанных="" с="" g-белками="" плазматической="" мембраны="" (андреналин,="" норадреналин,="" аденозин,="" ангиотензин,="" эндотелии="" и="">

Lub luag haujlwm biochemical ntawm nucleotides hauv cov metabolism

Nucleotides - phosphoric esters ntawm nucleosides, nucleoside phosphates. Free nucleotides, tshwj xeeb hauv ATP, cAMP, ADP, ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv lub zog thiab cov ntaub ntawv nyob hauv cov txheej txheem, thiab tseem yog cov chaw pov hwm ntawm nucleic acids thiab ntau coenzymes. Lub luag haujlwm ntawm biochemical ntawm nucleotides:

Kev siv hluav taws xob thoob ntiaj teb (ATP thiab nws cov analogues).

Lawv yog cov ua haujlwm thiab nqa khoom ntawm monomers hauv lub xoos (UDP-piam thaj)

Ua raws li coenzymes (FAD, FMN, NAD +, NADF +)

Cyclic mononucleotides yog theem nrab sib cuam tshuam hauv kev ua ntawm cov tshuaj hormones thiab lwm cov cim (cAMP, cGMP).

Allosteric regulators ntawm kev ua enzyme.

Lawv yog cov monomers nyob rau hauv kev sib xyaw ntawm nucleic acids txuas los ntawm 3'-5'-phosphodiester bonds.

Qhov sib txawv thiab qhov zoo sib xws hauv cov qauv ntawm DNA thiab RNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) yog macromolecule (ib ntawm peb lub ntsiab, lwm qhov ob yog RNA thiab cov protein), uas muab cov khoom cia, kis tau los ntawm ib tiam dhau ib tiam thiab kev siv lub caj ces rau kev txhim kho thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub neej muaj sia. DNA muaj cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov qauv ntawm ntau yam RNA thiab cov protein.

Los ntawm cov txheej txheem tshuaj lom neeg, DNA yog lub polymer ntev cov qauv ntawm cov rov ua dua - nucleotides. Txhua lub nucleotide muaj cov roj hauv paus, muaj piam thaj (deoxyribose) thiab phosphate pawg. Cov ntawv cog lus nruab nrab ntawm cov nucleotides hauv cov saw yog tsim vim yog deoxyribose thiab phosphate pawg (phosphodiester bonds). Feem ntau ntawm kis (tshwj tsis yog rau qee cov kab mob muaj cov leeg-xa tawm DNA), ib qho DNA macromolecule muaj ob txoj saw los ntawm qhov chaw tso pa rau ib leeg. Tus lej ob kab no puas yog muab kauv. Feem ntau, cov qauv ntawm cov DNA molecule yog hu ua "helix ob npaug".

Plaub yam ntawm cov pa hauv paus muaj nyob hauv DNA (adenine, guanine, thymine, thiab cytosine). Lub hauv paus ntawm nitrogenous ntawm ib qho ntawm cov txuas yog txuas nrog nitrogenous cov hauv paus ntawm lwm txoj saw los ntawm hydrogen daim ntawv cog lus raws li lub ntsiab cai ntawm kev ua tiav: adenine khi rau tsuas yog thymine, guanine - tsuas yog rau cytosine. Lub nucleotide kab lus tso cai rau koj "encode" cov ntaub ntawv hais txog ntau yam RNA, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas yog cov ntaub ntawv lossis matrix (mRNA), ribosomal (rRNA) thiab thauj (tRNA). Tag nrho cov hom RNA no tau muab tso ua ke rau ntawm DNA matrix los ntawm kev luam cov DNA raws rau hauv RNA ntu ua ntu zus thaum hloov ntaub ntawv thiab koom nrog protein biosynthesis (kev txhais cov txheej txheem). Ntxiv rau kev cim lej, cov DNA ntawm tes muaj cov kab uas ua raws cov cai tswj kev ua haujlwm thiab cov qauv txheej txheem.

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) yog ib qho ntawm peb lub ntsiab macromolecules (qhov thib ob yog DNA thiab cov protein), uas muaj nyob hauv cov hlwb ntawm txhua yam muaj sia.

Ib yam li DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), RNA muaj cov kab sib txuas ntev uas txhua qhov txuas hu ua nucleotide. Txhua lub nucleotide muaj qhov tsim muaj cov roj, muaj qab zib thiab cov phosphate. Lub zog nucleotide tso cai RNA rau encode cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm caj ceg. Txhua lub cev muaj sia siv RNA (mRNA) los ua cov protein synthesis.

RNA nucleotides muaj suab thaj - ribose, uas ib qho ntawm lub hauv paus txuas ntawm txoj hauj lwm 1 ': adenine, guanine, cytosine lossis uracil. Cov pab pawg phosphate txuas cov plaub nyob rau hauv ib txoj saw, tsim txoj hlua khi nrog 3 'carbon atom ntawm ib tus xov thiab nyob rau hauv 5' txoj hauj lwm ntawm lwm qhov. Phosphate pawg ntawm physiological pH tsis zoo them, yog li RNA yog polyanion. RNA hloov dhau los ua cov polymer ntawm plaub lub hauv paus (adenine (A), guanine (G), uracil (U) thiab cytosine (C), tab sis muaj ntau cov kev hloov pauv hauv qab thiab cov suab thaj hauv "paub tab" RNA). Tag nrho, muaj ntau txog 100 ntau hom hloov kho nucleotides hauv RNA.

Lub hauv paus nitrogenous nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm RNA tuaj yeem tsim cov ntawv cog lus hydrogen ntawm cytosine thiab guanine, adenine thiab uracil, zoo li ntawm guanine thiab uracil. Txawm li cas los xij, lwm cov kev sib cuam tshuam muaj peev xwm, piv txwv li, ntau lub adenines tuaj yeem tsim lub voj, lossis lub voj muaj plaub plaub nucleotides, nyob rau hauv uas muaj ib khub adenine - guanine puag.

Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm RNA uas qhov txawv ntawm nws los ntawm DNA yog qhov muaj cov pab pawg neeg hydroxyl nyob ntawm 2 'txoj haujlwm ntawm tus kabmob, uas tso cai rau RNA qauv hauv cov A, uas tsis yog B conformation, uas feem ntau pom hauv DNA. Daim A-daim ntawv muaj qhov tob thiab nqaim nqaim loj thiab muaj qhov dav thiab dav me me sib tsoo. Qhov thib ob qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov pom ntawm 2 'hydroxyl pawg yog tias conformationally yas, uas yog, tsis koom nrog kev tsim ntawm ob lub helix, ntu ntawm RNA molecule tuaj yeem tawm tsam lwm cov phosphate thiab muab pov tseg.

Tus "ua haujlwm" daim ntawv ntawm ib leeg-tso tseg RNA qauv, zoo ib yam li cov protein, feem ntau muaj cov qauv qib. Tus qauv theem pib tsim ua lub hauv paus ntawm cov ntsiab ntawm cov qauv theem nrab tsim los ntawm hydrogen bonds tsis pub dhau ib lub qauv. Muaj ntau hom ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov qauv theem nrab - qia voj, loops thiab pseudo-nodes.

Muaj peb qhov sib txawv ntawm DNA thiab RNA:

DNA muaj deoxyribose qab zib, RNA muaj cov ribose, uas muaj ib qho ntxiv, piv rau deoxyribose, hydroxyl pawg. Pab pawg no nce qhov tshwm sim ntawm hydrolysis ntawm molecule, uas yog, txo qhov ruaj khov ntawm RNA qauv.

Lub nucleotide ntxiv rau adenine hauv RNA tsis yog thymine, ib yam li hauv DNA, tab sis uracil yog ib hom tshuaj tsis muaj qhov thymine.

DNA tshwm sim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib lub helix uas muaj ob lub qauv sib txawv. RNA lwg me me yog, ntawm nruab nrab, ntau luv dua thiab feem ntau-ib leeg-tso tseg.

Kev tsom xam ntawm cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm lom neeg lub cev RNA lwg me me, suav nrog tRNA, rRNA, snRNA thiab lwm cov lwg me me uas tsis encode cov protein, pom tias lawv tsis muaj ib lub helix ntev, tab sis ntawm ntau cov pab luv luv uas nyob ze ib leeg thiab ua ib yam zoo sib xws. tertiary qauv ntawm cov protein. Raws li qhov no, RNA tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev tsis haum tshuaj lom neeg, piv txwv li, peptidyl transferase chaw ntawm lub ribosome koom nrog tsim ntawm peptide nyiaj ntawm cov protein muaj nkaus ntawm RNA.

Tshuaj ntsuab ntawm cov cholesterol - nws yog dab tsi

Cov roj (cholesterol) yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov qog ua cell. Nws synthesizes ntau yam tshuaj hauv peb lub cev. Cov khoom siv roj ntsha, cov khoom lag luam uas nyob ntawm cov roj (cholesterol) yog nyob hauv qab:

• Cov tshuaj steroid: cov tshuaj hormones cortisol, aldosterone,
• Raws li poj niam thiab txiv neej poj niam txiv neej cov tshuaj hormones: estrogens, progesterone, testosterone,
• Vitamin D
• Synthesis ntawm cov kua tsib kua qaub.

Cov roj (cholesterol) yog ib qho muab tso ntawm mevalonic acid. Qhov tsim ntawm mevalonate yog nqa los ntawm active acetate. Tom qab ntawd squalene yog tsim, thiab cov roj cholesterol yog twb tau hloov los ntawm nws. Nquag, yog tias tsis muaj cov noob ntshaav tsis txaus, tib neeg DNA cov lwg me me tau npaj tseg ua ntej kom tswj tau cov khoom lag luam txaus txaus cov roj txaus ua kom txaus.

Cov tshuaj no yog dab tsi thiab nws cov haujlwm yog dab tsi?

Cov roj (cholesterol) lossis cov roj (cholesterol) yog ib qho sib txig ntawm cov cawv nyiam. Nws yog pom nyob rau hauv ntau qhov siab ntawm cov hlab ntaws thiab cov nqaij rog. Tab sis ntau dua nyob rau hauv daim siab.

Cov roj khov ua ntau lub zog tseem ceeb:

• Kev tsim kho ib lub vov ntawm hepatocytes. Cov roj (cholesterol) cov roj (cholesterol) yuav ua kom nrawm nyob hauv cov xovtooj ntawm phab ntsa.
• Kev zom. Nyob rau hauv cov lus sib xyaw ntawm cov kua tsib kua qaub, cov roj (cholesterol) tau koom ua ke nrog kev zom ntawm zaub mov ntawm tsiaj keeb kwm. Ua ke nrog cov kua tsib, nws nkag mus rau txoj hnyuv, qhov uas nws emulsifies Cov rog.
• Kev faib tawm los ntawm cov hlab ntshav ua ib feem ntawm lipoproteins, uas muaj cov txiaj ntsig zoo lossis tsis zoo rau cov hlab ntsha. Yog tias cov roj (cholesterol) raug tso rau hauv lipoproteins uas tsis tshua muaj siab lossis muaj qis heev, nws muaj peev xwm los txuam rau hauv qhov intima ntawm cov hlab ntshav nrog lawv, pab txhawb rau atherosclerotic degeneration.
• Lub biosynthesis ntawm cov tshuaj hormones steroid. Raws li cov roj (cholesterol), cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hormone yog tsim los - glucocorticosteroids, mineralocorticoids, txiv neej thiab poj niam cov tshuaj steroids.
• Biotransformation ntawm cholecalciferol. Vitamin yuav siv lub sijhawm nquag hauv kev tsim kho ntawm cov leeg leeg.

Bile acids

Cov roj (cholesterol) yog ua ncaj nraim rau hauv qhov kev coj los ua ke ntawm bile. Kev tsim tawm loj yuav siv nyob rau hauv daim siab, thiab tom qab ntawd ces cov kua tsib yog khaws cia rau hauv lub zais zis. Kev tawm ntawm cov kua tsib hauv lub cev noj qab haus huv pib thaum lub sijhawm noj mov nkaus xwb. Cov haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov kua tsib kua qaub hauv lub cev suav nrog:

• Kev nqus ntshav hauv cov hnyuv
• Lub cev nqus tau cov vitamins los ntawm cov zaub mov
• Kev rho tawm ntawm cov tshuaj steroids ntawm tsob ntoo keeb kwm,
• Si laim plab hnyuv kom mus ntxiv.

Hauv lwm lo lus, cov kua tsib yog koom nrog kev nqus ntawm cov dej-insoluble tshuaj. Thaum sib cuam tshuam nrog cov encymes pancreatic, bile tswj lub cev acidity rau txoj hnyuv.

Cov khoom siv ntawm Cov Roj (Cholesterol) Molecules

Los ntawm cov tshuaj no, cov txiv neej poj niam thiab txiv neej cov tshuaj hormones, adrenal mineralocorticoids thiab glucocorticosteroids tshwm sim. Cov roj cholesterol kuj tseem muaj nyob hauv cov enzymes hauv plab uas koom nrog hauv kev zom zaub mov ntawm cov protein thiab cov rog. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, cov no yog cov roj ntsha thiab cov kua tsib nws tus kheej. Cov roj (cholesterol) yog ib feem ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov kev ua haujlwm lom biologically uas tsim nyog rau kev xa cov lus taw qhia los ntawm ib lub xovtooj ntawm tes mus rau lwm. Cov roj ntsha ntawm cov roj (cholesterol) nkag rau hauv cov synthesis ntawm cholecalciferol - vitamin D.

Cholic acid

Qhov monocarboxylic trioxy acid yog tsim nyob rau hauv daim siab ua haujlwm thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntawm cov roj oxidation. Nws yog nyob rau qeb ntawm thawj bile acids. Txog li 300 mg yog tsim hauv tib neeg lub cev ib hnub. Hauv plab zais zis, nws yog kev sib txuas nrog taurine, zoo li glycine. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm xws li cov tshuaj sib txuas, bile yog qhov tsawg dua qhov tsis haum rau kev tsim cov ntsev tso rau hauv txoj kev huam thiab hnyuv.

Nrog rau qhov ua tsis tau ntawm cov tshuaj no hauv lub cev, kev siv cov tshuaj npaj hauv cov tshuaj hauv tshuaj ntsiav tau pom zoo.

Deoxycholic, kua qaub chenodeoxycholic thiab kua qaub

Chenodeoxycholic tseem hais txog qhov pib thiab yog qhov txuas ntawm lub zog ntawm oxidation ntawm cov roj (cholesterol) hauv cov qog hlwb. Txog 30% ntawm tag nrho cov nyiaj ntawm cov kua tsib kua qaub poob rau chenodeoxycholic.

Hauv tib neeg, cov tshuaj no koom nrog cov metabolism thiab rhuav tshem cov roj (cholesterol). Kev npaj tshuaj raws cov kua qaub no yog siv los kho tus mob gallstone. Cov nyhuv ntawm cov tshuaj yuav ua tau zoo tsuas yog pob zeb yog ib qho kev sib txuas ntawm cov roj (cholesterol), tsis muaj calcification.

Deoxycholic thiab lithocholic yog cov kua tsib theem hauv. Lawv yog thawj hom keeb kwm uas tau kis los ntawm cov kab mob hnyuv. Ob qhov kev sib txuas no tseem koom nrog kev tswj hwm ntawm lipid metabolism thiab txhawb kev nthuav tawm ntawm cov cholesterol hauv hepatocytes.

Derivative cov tshuaj hormones los yog steroids

Cov tshuaj Hormonal muaj cov roj (cholesterol), feem ntau yog ua rau kev sib deev thiab qog adrenal. Ntawm lawv yog:

• Tus txiv neej testosterone thiab androgen. Lawv muaj lub luag haujlwm rau cov tsos ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev sib deev theem nrab thiab cov phevatogenesis - kev tsim cov spermatozoa uas tuaj yeem ua rau lub qe. Testosterone thiab cov roj (cholesterol) tau muaj kev sib raug zoo, yog tias koj mob siab rau lawv qhov kev tshuav ntawm tib neeg cov ntshav.
• Poj niam deev txiv neej. Cov roj (cholesterol) los ua ke hauv estrogen.
• Mineralocorticoids ntawm cov qog adrenal.
• Adrenal Glucocorticosteroids.

Roj Cholesterol Acids

Lawv hu ua bile. Cov roj (cholesterol) yog tsim los ua ke ncaj qha hauv hepatocytes. Raws li cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm cov kua tsib, lawv pab tig cov tsiaj rog rau hauv cov molecules uas yooj yim rau nqus. Tus txheej txheem hydrolysis no tshwm sim hauv cov kab noj hniav ntawm cov hnyuv me. Cov kua tsib cov kua qaub tau faib ua subtypes hauv qab no:

• Cholevaya. Nws yog thawj. Qhov tshuaj yeeb dej caw no tuaj yeem ua nyob hauv qab tus kav dej ntawm hydroxylase enzymes. Los ntawm nws yog synthesized glycocholic thiab taurocholic acids. Lawv muaj hydrophilic radicals thiab hydrophobic steroid nuclei.
• Deoxycholic. Cov tshuaj no yog cov khoom theem nrab ntawm cholic acid. Yuav pab kom txawv cov rog.
• Chenodeoxycholic. Nws yog thawj hom kua tsib acid. Qhov tsim cov molecules tshwm sim nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate.
• Litocholeic. Cov nkag yog theem nrab. Qhov kev kub siab yog ntau dua piv rau cov kua qaub saum toj no.

Vitamin Cholecalciferol

Nws kuj tseem hu ua Vitamin D. Cov tshuaj no yog tsim los ntawm kev ua kom lub nplhaib ntawm cyclopentanperhydrophenanthrene. Ua raws li qhov no, hydroxylation ntawm tsim cov lwg me me nrog kev koom ua ke ntawm oxygen. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov txheej txheem biochemical yog kev tsim cov calcitriol, los ntawm cov qauv kawg ntawm cov vitamins D tau muab tso ua ke.Tej kawg muaj kev koom tes hauv kev koom ua ke ntawm calcium atoms rau cov ntu ntawm cov leeg ntawm cov leeg ua haujlwm.

Nws tsis yooj yim sua kom tau txais cov vitamin D tsis muaj qhov sib xyaw no Rov qab

Lub luag haujlwm thiab cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev pabcuam ntawm cov roj cholesterol

Bile acids nyob rau hauv kev sib cais thiab nyob rau hauv kev sib xyaw ntawm cov kua tsib yog nquag koom nrog hauv hydrolysis ntawm cov khoom sib txawv ntawm cov tsiaj keeb kwm. Yog li, lawv txhawb kev zom cov zaub mov hauv cov hnyuv. Cov roj cholesterol thiab cov tshuaj hormones kuj muaj qhov kev sib paub meej. Tsis muaj poj niam lossis txiv neej poj niam lub cev kev sib deev hormonal, cov tib neeg sib txawv tsis tuaj yeem pom cov cim thib ob, uas yog qhov kev ua tsis zoo ntawm kev ua kom tsis taus. Thiab adrenal steroids muaj kev cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau txhua yam hauv nruab nrog cev thiab tshuab, ua kom lawv txoj kev loj hlob thiab ua haujlwm tiav. Yog tias tsis muaj lwm cov kab mob hauv lub caj ces, cholecalciferol, tib neeg cov pob txha yuav hloov tau yooj yim thiab nkig. Hauv cov menyuam yaus uas muaj qhov tsis txaus cov vitamin D synthesis lossis cov roj (cholesterol) tsis txaus, tus kab mob loj heev tau tsim - rickets. Kuj, nrog cov tsis muaj peev xwm, cov kab mob autoimmune tshwm sim thiab nce qib.

Progestins

Progestins yog cov tshuaj hormones poj niam txiv neej, cov roj ntsha caj ces ua haujlwm hauv lub zes qe menyuam thiab cov qog qog ua ntshav. Cov tshuaj hormones no tau koom nrog kev tswj xyuas kev xeeb tub thiab hauv kev npaj lub uterine endometrium kom ruaj ntseg rau lub qe ua haujlwm. Nrog cov khoom qub ntawm cov progestins, kev pheej hmoo ntawm txoj hlab ntaws hauv lub hauv siab thiab cov hlwv hauv cov zes qe menyuam yog txo qis.

Glucocorticoids

Glucocorticosteroids yog cov tseem ceeb hauv cov roj ntsha rau lub cev uas tsim tawm hauv adrenal cortex. Cov haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov tshuaj steroid no suav nrog cov hauv qab no:

• Los tiv thaiv poob siab thiab los tiv thaiv kev ntxhov siab,
• Kev koom tes hauv cov metabolism hauv lub zog, nce glycogen synthesis,
• Tiv thaiv qhov tshwm sim ntawm hypoglycemia,
• Koom nrog cov cai ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob,
• Txo cov kev tsis haum
• Lawv muaj cov nyhuv anti-allergenic.

Hauv tshwj xeeb, cortisol, ib qho kev tso tawm ntawm cov roj (cholesterol), yog lub luag haujlwm rau cov metabolism ntawm carbohydrates, thiab kuj ua rau lub zog muaj zog.

Mineralocorticoids

Mineralocorticoids tswj kev ua dej-ntsev. Aldosterone, yog ib qho tsim los ntawm cov roj (cholesterol), yog qhov tseem ceeb nyob hauv cov subclass no thiab yog tsim tawm los ntawm cov qog adrenal. Qhov no steroid tau koom nrog txoj kev tswj hwm cov ntshav siab. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws pab cov ntaub so ntswg khaws cov dej kom txaus. Yog li, turgor thiab tawv nqaij elasticity tau tswj.

Androgens thiab estrogens

Androgens, derivatives ntawm cov cholesterol, suav nrog cov txiv neej pw ua ke. Androgens nce zus tau tej cov protein, thaum inhibiting lawv decomposition. Ua rau cov metabolism hauv cov piam thaj thiab tiv thaiv hyperglycemia. Androgens pab txhawm rau nce cov leeg thiab lub zog, txo qis cov rog subcutaneous. Testosterone, ib qho kev tsim tawm ntawm cov roj (cholesterol) yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev txhim kho ntawm theem pib kev sib deev hauv txiv neej.

Estrogens yog cov poj niam kev sib deev uas ua los ntawm cov qog adrenal, hauv cov zes qe menyuam thiab poj niam cov noob txiv. Estrogen, yog ib qho tsim los ntawm cov roj (cholesterol), koom nrog lub cev ntas thiab yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev muaj me nyuam hauv cov poj niam. Estrogens pab txo cov "teeb ​​meem" lipids thiab cov roj cholesterol hauv cov ntshav, thaum nce triglycerides. Qhov no txhawb cov synthesis ntawm lipids, lossis cov lipoproteins uas muaj ntau dua. Lawv kuj tseem pab txhawb ntxiv kom cov hlau nyob hauv nruab nrog cev thiab cov ntshav dav dav.

Vitamin D thiab cholestanos

Vitamin D, yog ib qho kev tsim los ntawm cov roj (cholesterol) yog tsim los ntawm kev sib chwv nrog rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij ntawm lub hnub daim duab tshav, uas ua rau lub tshuab hluavtaws sib xyaw. Cov vitamins no pab lub cev nqus magnesium, calcium, yog li koom nrog cov txheej txheem kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm pob txha, hniav. Vitamin D kuj tswj hwm kev tsim cov tshuaj insulin thiab koom nrog hauv cov metabolism hauv phosphorus.

Cov cholestanos steroid, ib qho kev sib txuas ntawm cov cholesterol, yog tseem paub me me. Nws tsawv nyob hauv cov qog adrenal. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm nws cov haujlwm nta nyob hauv kev kawm.

Cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm Vitamin D suav nrog cov txiaj ntsig zoo ua rau cov leeg poob siab thiab tiv thaiv tus mob sclerosis. Tsim nyog cov tshuaj vitamin D tsim tawm pob txha lov thiab txhim kho txha pob txha.

Cov roj khov hauv lub cev yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev coj los ua ke ntawm cov tshuaj tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv peb lub cev. Hauv kev txwv, cov zaub mov ntawm cov tsiaj keeb kwm yog qhov xav tau txhawm rau txhawm rau xav tau cov roj (cholesterol). Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom tswj tau lipid nyob rau hauv ib txwm muaj kev txwv, txij li hypocholesterolemia tsuas yog txaus ntshai li hyperlipidemia.

Dab tsi yog tshuaj steroid thiab anabolics

Hais lus nruj, cov tshuaj steroid tsis yog cov tshuaj rau cov kws kho lub cev tshiab, tab sis ib pawg ntawm cov tshuaj hormones.

Nws suav nrog corticoids, uas yog ua los ntawm adrenal cortex, thiab lub cev kev siv tshuaj lom neeg ua haujlwm tsim los ntawm cov qog pw ua ke.

Tus txiv neej qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog testosterone. Nws muaj ob txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb:

• androgenic - kev txhim kho thiab kev saib xyuas ntawm kev sib deev theem nrab uas yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm tus txiv neej tshaj plaws (kev coj tus kheej ntawm lub cev rog, lub suab qis, kev loj hlob plaub hau ntawm lub ntsej muag thiab lub hauv siab, thiab lwm yam),
• anabolic - kev tsim thiab khaws cia ntawm cov leeg mob siab.

Kev kawm txog lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov tshuaj no hauv nruab nrab ib nrab xyoo, cov kws tshawb fawb sim siv nws thaum tsim cov tshuaj rau cov tib neeg uas tsis muaj nqaij leeg.

Testosterone ntuj raug tsim tawm sai dhau thiab tsis haum rau siv. Tom qab ntawd nws cov derivatives nrog cov khoom tsim nyog tau tsim - 17 - alpha - alkylate, 17 - beta - ether thiab 1 - methyl.

Raws li cov tebchaw no, yuav luag txhua cov tshuaj tam sim no hu ua anabolic steroids, lossis anabolics, tau muab tso ua ke.

Lawv tau qhia lawv tus kheej zoo li kev txhawb zog ntawm cov leeg nce qib, tab sis ib nrab khaws lwm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov qub hormone - androgen.

Vim li cas peb thiaj xav tau cov khoom lag luam testosterone: cov ntsiab lus tsis meej

Feem ntau, anabolics, ntawm chav kawm, yog siv rau lub hom phiaj ntawm "nqus". Hauv 70-80 ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, cov neeg Olympians feem ntau zaum ntawm lawv. Txog txij no, kev tawm dag zog pib nkag mus rau hauv kev zam. Steroids kuj tau nyiam cov tub hluas uas dhia dhau kev kawm ntawv lub cev hauv tsev kawm ntawv.

• nce tsis tsuas ntau leeg nqaij, tab sis kuj lub zog,
• pab kom dhau tus kheej hauv kev cob qhia thiab rov qab sai sai tom qab (lawv cov khoom sib txuas ntxiv kho qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm creatine phosphate, lub zog cia hauv cov leeg nqaij).

Hauv kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov tshuaj steroids, nws yuav tsum tau ntxiv tias lawv tseem siv tsis tau hauv lawv qhov xwm txheej qub - ua cov tshuaj. Lawv raug kho rau cov mob hnyav ntawm colitis thiab enteritis, thaum tus neeg mob hnyav txaus los ntawm kev tsis txaus ntawm cov protein tsis zoo. Cov kev tsim kho ntawm testosterone raug tshaj tawm rau cov txiv neej tom qab kev kho oriectomy (tshem tawm cov noob qes, feem ntau xav tau cov haujlwm zoo li no tshwm sim hauv qog nqaij hlav).