Lub metabolism yog dab tsi?

Kev zom zaub mov lossis sib pauv ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw - Txheej txheej tshuaj lom neeg uas tshwm sim hauv cov kab mob kom muaj lub neej. Cov txheej txheem no pub cov kab mob loj hlob thiab ntau, tswj lawv cov qauv thiab teb rau ib puag ncig kev cuam tshuam.

Kev mob ntshav siab yog feem ntau muab faib ua 2 ntu: catabolism thiab anabolism. Thaum lub caij catabolism, cov tshuaj organic ua rau lub ntsej muag yooj yim, feem ntau tso tawm lub zog. Thiab nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm anabolism - los ntawm cov yooj yim dua ntau cov khoom siv dua cov khoom siv sib tov thiab qhov no nrog cov nqi hluav taws xob.

Hauv cov tshuaj lom neeg cov tshuaj lom neeg hauv lub cev yog hu ua metabolic pathways. Hauv lawv, nrog kev koom tes ntawm cov enzymes, qee cov molecules tseem ceeb hauv biologically hloov pauv mus rau lwm tus.

Cov Enzymes ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov txheej txheem hauv kev zom zaub mov vim tias:

• ua raws li kev lom neeg roj ntsha thiab txo lub zog ua kom muaj zog ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg,
• tso cai rau koj los tswj cov kev zom zaubmov hauv cov lus teb rau qhov hloov ntawm ib puag ncig ntawm lub cell lossis cov paib los ntawm lwm lub hlwb.

Cov yeeb yam hauv lub cev muaj kev cuam tshuam seb cov roj ntsha tshwj xeeb twg haum rau lub cev siv los ua lub zog siv. Piv txwv li, qee qhov prokaryotes siv cov tshuaj hydrogen sulfide ua lub zog, tab sis cov roj no lom rau tsiaj. Tus nqi metabolic kuj tseem cuam tshuam rau cov khoom noj uas xav tau rau lub cev.

Cov lwg me me

Lub ntsiab metabolic txoj hauv kev thiab lawv cov khoom sib txawv yog qhov sib xws rau ntau hom, uas qhia txog kev sib koom ua ke hauv keeb kwm ntawm txhua yam muaj sia. Piv txwv li, qee cov kab mob carboxylic acids, uas yog intermediates nyob rau hauv lub cev tricarboxylic acid, muaj nyob hauv txhua yam muaj sia, los ntawm cov kab mob mus rau cov kab mob eukaryotic multicellular. Qhov zoo sib xws hauv cov metabolism yog tej zaum muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog kev ua haujlwm siab ntawm cov metabolic pathways, zoo li ua rau lawv lub ntsej muag nyob hauv keeb kwm ntawm kev hloov zuj zus.

Cov lwg me me

Cov tshuaj organic uas tsim txhua yam muaj sia (tsiaj, nroj tsuag, kab mob fungi thiab kab mob) yog sawv cev los ntawm amino acids, carbohydrates, lipids (feem ntau hu ua cov rog) thiab nucleic acids. Txij li thaum cov lwg me me no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau lub neej, kev hloov pauv ntawm lub cev yog tsom rau kev tsim cov molecules thaum tsim cov hlwb thiab cov ntaub so ntswg lossis rhuav tshem lawv kom siv los ua lub zog siv. Ntau cov tshuaj lom neeg biochemical tseem ceeb sib txuas ua ke los ua ke nrog DNA thiab cov protein ua ke.

Metabolic lub luag haujlwm

Kev zom zaub mov tsim nyog yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo mloog. Tom qab tag nrho, kev muab ntawm peb lub hlwb nrog cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw yog nyob ntawm nws txoj haujlwm tsim. Lub hauv paus ntawm cov metabolism yog kev siv tshuaj lom neeg uas tshwm sim hauv tib neeg lub cev. Cov tshuaj uas tsim nyog rau lub neej ntawm lub cev peb tau txais nrog zaub mov.

Ntxiv rau, peb xav tau ntau dua oxygen, uas peb ua pa ua pa nrog cua. Qhov tsim nyog, yuav tsum muaj qhov sib luag ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim kho thiab lwj. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov sib npaug no feem ntau tuaj yeem ntxhov thiab muaj ntau ntau yam rau qhov no.

Ua rau muaj kev mob plab zom mov

Ntawm thawj qhov ua rau cov kev paub tsis meej cov khoom noj hauv lub cev tuaj yeem pom qhov muaj keeb muaj keeb. Txawm hais tias nws yog incorrigible, nws yog ib qho ua tau thiab tsim nyog los tawm tsam nws! Tsis tas li, cov teeb meem metabolic tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm kab mob organic. Txawm li cas los xij, feem ntau cov teeb meem no yog los ntawm peb kev noj zaub mov tsis txaus.

Raws li ib qho hnyav dhau ntawm cov khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig, thiab lawv tsis muaj kev phom sij yog teeb meem rau peb lub cev. Thiab qhov tshwm sim tuaj yeem hloov tsis tau. Kev noj cov zaub mov tsis txaus siab tshwm sim los ntawm kev noj ntau dhau ntawm cov zaub mov muaj roj, thiab ib qho kev tsis txaus siab tshwm sim los ntawm kev soj ntsuam nruj ntawm ntau cov pluas noj rau qhov poob phaus. Kev noj zaub mov tseem ceeb feem ntau yog noj zaub mov zoo, uas ua rau cov tsis muaj cov zaub mov tseem ceeb, nyeg, qhov no yuav ua rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ntau cov kab mob. Ua xua rau cov zaub mov feem ntau yog ua tau.

Cov kab mob metabolic

Txawm hais tias tom qab ntsuas tag nrho cov txheej txheem hauv lub cev zom zaub mov, muab lub cev nrog cov vitamins uas ploj lawm, peb muaj feem yuav muaj ntau cov kab mob loj uas ua los ntawm cov khoom lwj ntawm peb lub hlwb. Cov khoom lwj muaj txhua yam muaj sia thiab loj hlob, thiab qhov no yog kab yeeb ncuab txaus ntshai tshaj plaws rau peb txoj kev noj qab haus huv. Hauv lwm lo lus, lub cev yuav tsum tshem tawm cov co toxins hauv lub sijhawm, lossis lawv yuav tsuas pib lom nws. Ciaj nyob rau hauv kev tshaj li, cov khoom lwj ua rau cov kab mob ntsig thiab mob qeeb ua haujlwm ntawm tag nrho cov kab mob.

Nrog rau cov metabolism hauv cov pluas noj tsis txaus, muaj mob hnyav tshwm sim - mob ntshav qab zib mellitus, nrog cov roj metabolism tsis raug, cov roj cholesterol tsim nyog (Yuav ua li cas txo cov roj hauv tsev tsis noj tshuaj?), Uas ua rau mob plawv thiab vascular. Cov dawb radicals, uas dhau los ua ntau, ua rau muaj qhov tshwm sim ntawm qog hlav.

Kev pham kuj yog lub zeem muag ntawm kev muaj teeb meem ntawm metabolic. Cov pab pawg no tseem suav nrog gout, ua kom mob plab zom mov, qee yam mob ntshav qab zib, thiab lwm yam. Tsis txaus ntawm cov zaub mov thiab cov vitamins ua rau kev puas tsuaj rau cov leeg, pob txha, mob hnyav ntawm lub plawv. Hauv cov menyuam yaus, qhov no tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev txhaum loj rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm txoj kev loj hlob stunted thiab kev loj hlob. Nws yog tsim nyog sau cia tias kev siv cov vitamins ntxiv tsis yog ib txwm pom zoo, vim tias lawv cov nyiaj ntau dhau kuj tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev tsis zoo.

Kev Tiv Thaiv

Txhawm rau tswj cov txheej txheem hauv kev zom zaub mov hauv peb lub cev, peb yuav tsum paub tias muaj qee yam khoom uas tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob muaj cov co toxins thiab txhim kho cov metabolism hauv lub cev.

Qhov thib ib yog oxygen. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov pa oxygen hauv cov ntaub so ntswg ua rau cov txheej txheem metabolic nce.

Thib ob, cov vitamins thiab pob zeb hauv av. Nrog lub hnub nyoog, tag nrho cov txheej txheem ua rau qeeb, muaj kev cuam tshuam ib feem ntawm cov hlab ntshav, yog li nws yog qhov tseem ceeb los tswj kev tau txais cov khoom muaj txaus ntawm cov zaub mov, carbohydrates thiab oxygen. Qhov no yuav ua kom paub tseeb txog kev ua haujlwm zoo ntawm cov dej-ntsev cov metabolism ntawm lub cell, txij li tom qab lub sijhawm dhau los ntawm lub sijhawm cov cell dries tawm thiab tsis tau txais txhua yam tseem ceeb rau nws lub neej. Paub txog qhov no, nws yog qhov tseem ceeb rau peb los txuas kev noj cov laus hauv lub hlwb.

Muaj ntau cov lus pom zoo thiab cov tshuaj uas tswj cov metabolism. Hauv pej xeem cov tshuaj, Hiav Txwv Dawb Hiav Txwv algae - fucus, tau txais cov koob npe nrov, nws muaj cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig thiab cov vitamins tseem ceeb los txhim kho cov metabolism hauv. Cov khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig, kev cais tawm ntawm cov khoom noj muaj roj thiab lwm yam tshuaj phem yog lwm txoj hauv kev lub cev ua haujlwm tsis tau.

Kev Kawm: Moscow Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv Kho Mob I. Sechenov, tshwj xeeb - "Kev kho mob ua lag luam" hauv xyoo 1991, xyoo 1993 "Cov Kab Mob Haujlwm", hauv xyoo 1996 "Kev Kho Mob".

Cov thawv ntim khoom noj yas: cov lus tseeb thiab cov lus dab neeg hais!

Amino acids thiab cov protein Kho

Cov protein ntau yog biopolymers thiab muaj cov amino acid seem koom nrog los ntawm peptide bonds. Qee cov protein yog cov enzymes thiab catalyze tshuaj lom neeg. Lwm cov proteins ua cov qauv kev ua haujlwm lossis cov tshuab ua haujlwm (piv txwv, ua ib qho cytoskeleton). Cov protein tseem ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv xovtooj ntawm tes, kev tiv thaiv kab mob, kev sib txuas ntawm tes, kev thauj mus los ntawm cov nqaij mos, thiab txoj cai ntawm tes.

Metabolism yog dab tsi?

Metabolism (lossis metabolism) yog kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov cov zaub mov calories kom mus ua lub zog rau lub neej ntawm kev muaj sia. Kev zom zaub mov pib nrog kev zom thiab ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev, thiab xaus nrog tus neeg ua pa thaum pw tsaug zog, thaum lub cev muab cov pa oxygen rau ntau yam kabmob uas tsis muaj kev koom tes ntawm lub hlwb thiab ua tiav ntawm nws tus kheej.

Lub tswv yim ntawm cov roj metabolism yog ze ze rau qhov kev xam ntawm cov khoom noj rau lub cev txhua hnub, uas yog qhov pib ua rau hauv kev noj zaub mov rau qhov ua kom yuag poob lossis cov nqaij ntshiv. Raws li lub hnub nyoog, poj niam txiv neej thiab lub cev lub cev, qhov theem ntawm cov metabolism yooj yim tau txiav txim siab - uas yog, cov naj npawb ntawm cov calories uas xav tau los npog lub cev txhua hnub lub zog xav tau. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, qhov ntsuas no tau khoo los ntawm qhov ntsuas ntawm tib neeg kev ua.

Nws feem ntau ntseeg hais tias kev ceev nrawm cov metabolism yog qhov zoo rau kev poob phaus, vim nws ua rau lub cev hlawv ntau calories. Hauv kev muaj tiag, kev ua kom yuag ntawm cov neeg yuag poob qis feem ntau qeeb qeeb, vim tias qhov kev ua kom sai ntawm metabolism tuaj yeem tsuas yog ua tiav los ntawm kev nce lub cev ua kom muaj calorie ntau dua thiab nce theem ntawm kev ua haujlwm hauv lub cev - uas yog, thaum lub zog kev qhia rau cov leeg mob.

Lipids Kho kom raug

Lipids yog ib feem ntawm cov roj ntsha raws roj ntsha, piv txwv li, plasma puas, yog cov khoom ntawm coenzymes thiab cov khoom siv zog. Lipids yog hydrophobic lossis amphiphilic biological molecules soluble hauv organic solvents xws li benzene lossis chloroform. Cov rog yog cov pab pawg loj uas suav nrog cov roj ua rog thiab glycerin. Cov tshuaj glycerol trihydric cawv molecule, uas ua rau peb cov ntawv cog lus ester nrog peb cov roj fatty acids uas hu ua triglyceride. Nrog rau cov roj ntsha ua kom muaj roj, cov lipids uas nyuaj tuaj yeem suav nrog, piv txwv li, sphingosine (sphingolipids), hydrophilic phosphate pawg (hauv phospholipids). Cov tshuaj steroid, xws li cov roj (cholesterol) yog lwm chav kawm loj ntawm lipids.

Kev Hloov Kho Carbohydrates

Cov lus qhia tuaj yeem muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ib ncig lossis kab ncaj nraim hauv daim ntawv ntawm aldehydes lossis ketones, lawv muaj ob peb pawg hydroxyl. Carbohydrates yog cov tsiaj lag luam uas nquag muaj tshaj. Carbohydrates ua cov haujlwm hauv qab no: lub zog cia thiab kev thauj mus los (hmoov txhuv nplej siab, glycogen), cov txheej txheem (cog cellulose, chitin hauv cov nceb thiab tsiaj). Qhov feem ntau qab zib monomers yog hexoses - qabzib, fructose thiab galactose. Monosaccharides yog ib feem ntawm ntau cov kab ncaj ncees lossis muaj cov kab mob polysaccharides.

Yuav ua li cas txhawm rau kom cov metabolism?

Cawv ntawm cov khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm kev ua kom sai ntawm cov metabolism yog tsis meej raws li nws zoo nkaus li thaum xub thawj siab ib muag. Dua li ntawm qhov tseeb tias muaj ntau cov khoom uas ua rau cov metabolism tsis zoo - los ntawm cov uas ua rau cov hnyav hauv qab zib thiab lwm yam kev ua kom yuag, kom margarine nrog nws cov rog pauv - tsuas yog cov khoom lag luam tsawg tsawg tuaj yeem ua kom cov metabolism.

Txij li thaum lub cev hloov pauv hauv lub cev muaj peev xwm kav tau ob peb hnub (piv txwv li, nrog kev ua tiav ntawm carbohydrates, lub cev yuav hloov mus rau ketogenic noj tsuas yog 2-3 hnub), cov metabolism tsis tuaj yeem ua kom nrawm los ntawm kev noj ib yam khoom lossis haus cov zaub ntsuab zoo rau poob phaus. Ntawm lwm yam, kev ua kom nrawm ntawm cov metabolism hauv feem ntau yog txuam nrog kev qab los noj mov - uas tsis yog ib txwm muaj txiaj ntsig thaum ua raws cov khoom noj kom yuag poob.

Kev qhia txog kev hnyav ua kom yuag

Xws li ib tus neeg rog rog txiav txim siab poob ceeb thawj, koom nrog kev tawm dag zog lub cev thiab pib noj zaub mov nrog cov calories ntau. Nws kuj tau nyeem tias txhawm rau ua kom cov metabolism sai koj yuav tsum haus dej ntau dua thiab noj txiv ntoo paum, nplua nuj nyob hauv cov "rog-ua kom" enzyme bromelain. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kawg tshwm sim yuav tsis yog kev ua kom nrawm ntawm cov metabolism txhua lub sijhawm, tab sis nws qhov kev txiav txim siab ntse.

Qhov laj thawj yog yooj yim - lub cev yuav pib xa cov cim taw qhia tias qib ntawm kev ua haujlwm tau nce siab, thiab kev siv zog ntawm cov zaub mov tau poob qis. Thiab ntau dua ib tus neeg koom nrog kev tawm dag zog thiab kev noj zaub mov nruj dua nws pom, lub cev muaj zog yuav xav tias "lub sijhawm tsis zoo" tau tuaj thiab nws yog lub sijhawm qeeb qeeb cov metabolism kom txuag rog rog - ntxiv, cortisol thiab leptin ntau ntau yuav nce ntxiv.

Yuav ua li cas txhawm rau cov metabolism?

Txhawm rau kom poob ceeb thawj, koj tsis tas yuav sim "rhuav" cov metabolism thiab ua kom cov metabolism sai li sai tau - ua ntej txhua yam, koj yuav tsum ceev faj ntxiv txog cov khoom twg lub cev tau txais los ntawm calories txhua hnub los ntawm. Feem ntau, qhov ib txwm ua rau kev noj haus tsis tau thiab tswj tau qhov glycemic Performance index ntawm carbohydrates noj yuav sai sai ua rau qhov normalization ntawm cov metabolism.

Feem ntau cov neeg sim ua kom yuag poob phaus ntau dhau ntawm cov nqi zog ntawm kev tawm dag zog lub cev, thaum lub sijhawm ua tsis txaus ntseeg cov khoom noj tsis muaj zog ntawm cov zaub mov lawv noj. Piv txwv li, cov piam thaj hauv ib poom kua dej muaj txaus rau 30-40 feeb khiav - hauv lwm cov lus, nws yooj yim dua rau kev muab cov kafes tshaj li ua rau koj tus kheej nrog kev qoj ib ce kom zoo, sim hlawv cov calories no.

Nucleotides Kho kom raug

Polymeric DNA thiab RNA lwg me me yog qhov ntev, uas tsis muaj qhov khi ntawm nucleotides. Nucleic acids ua cov haujlwm ntawm khaws cia thiab siv cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm uas tau ua thaum ua cov txheej txheem ntawm kev rov ua dua, hloov ntaub ntawv, txhais lus, thiab cov protein biosynthesis. Cov ntaub ntawv tau tshaj tawm hauv nucleic acids tiv thaiv cov kev hloov pauv los ntawm kev tsim kho dua tshiab thiab muab khoo los ntawm DNA rov ua dua tshiab.

Qee cov kab mob muaj RNA uas muaj cov genome. Piv txwv li, tib neeg cov tshuaj txhaj tiv thaiv kab mob siv thim rov qab los tsim DNA qauv ntawm nws tus kheej RNA-uas muaj cov genome. Qee qhov RNA lwg me me muaj cov catalytic zog (ribozymes) thiab yog ib feem ntawm spliceosomes thiab ribosomes.

Nucleosides yog cov khoom lag luam ntawm ntxiv ntawm nitrogen cov hauv paus rau cov piam thaj hauv qab zib. Piv txwv ntawm cov khoom siv roj ntsha yog cov khoom sib txuas heterocyclic nitrogen-muaj cov sib txuas - derivatives ntawm purines thiab pyrimidines. Qee cov nucleotides kuj ua yeeb yam xws li coenzymes hauv kev hloov pauv pab pawg.

Kho kom raug

Kev tiv thaiv kab mob suav nrog ntau qhov kev tawm tsam tshuaj, feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog ob peb yam tseem ceeb ntawm kev hloov mus ua haujlwm pab pawg. Coenzymes yog siv los hloov cov pawg ua haujlwm ntawm cov enzymes uas hloov catalyze tshuaj lom neeg. Txhua chav kawm tshuaj lom neeg ntawm kev hloov chaw ntawm cov pawg ua haujlwm tau raug catalyzed los ntawm ib tus neeg enzymes thiab lawv cov cofactors.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) yog ib qho ntawm nruab nrab coenzymes, lub chaw dav dav hauv lub zog ntawm lub zog. Qhov nucleotide no yog siv los hloov cov tshuaj lom neeg lub zog khaws cia hauv macroergic bonds ntawm ntau cov tshuaj lom neeg. Hauv cov hlwb, muaj qee qhov me me ntawm ATP, uas txuas ntxiv los ntawm ADP thiab AMP. Tib neeg lub cev noj ATP pawg hauv ib hnub sib npaug nrog qhov loj ntawm nws tus kheej lub cev. ATP ua raws li qhov txuas ntawm catabolism thiab anabolism: nrog catabolic cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, ATP yog tsim, nrog kev xav tshuaj anabolic, lub zog tau noj. ATP kuj ua raws li tus neeg pub dawb ntawm phosphate pawg hauv phosphorylation kev hloov pauv.

Cov vitamins no tsis tshua muaj molecular phaus organic tshuaj uas yuav tsum tau muaj tsawg, thiab, piv txwv li, cov vitamins feem ntau tsis ua ke hauv tib neeg, tab sis tau nrog zaub mov los yog los ntawm kev mob plab hnyuv microflora. Hauv tib neeg lub cev, feem ntau cov vitamins yog cofactors ntawm enzymes. Feem ntau cov vitamins yuav tau hloov cov kev ua haujlwm lom neeg, piv txwv li, tag nrho cov dej-soluble vitamins hauv hlwb yog phosphorylated los yog ua ke nrog nucleotides. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) yog ib qho muab tso ntawm vitamin B₃ (niacin), thiab yog ib qho tseem ceeb coenzyme - hydrogen acceptor. Pua pua ntawm cov sib txawv dehydrogenase tshem tawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob los ntawm cov lwg me me ntawm qhov chaw ua haujlwm thiab hloov mus rau NAD + lwg me me, txo nws rau NADH. Daim ntawv oxidized ntawm coenzyme yog qhov chaw zom zaws rau ntau qhov kev coj ua tshiab hauv lub xias. NAD nyob rau hauv lub cell muaj nyob rau ob daim ntawv cuam tshuam ntawm NADH thiab NADPH. NAD + / NADH tseem ceeb dua rau kev cuam tshuam catabolic, thiab NADP + / NADPH feem ntau siv rau hauv kev muab tshuaj anabolic.

Inorganic Tshuaj thiab Cofactors Hloov

Lub cev tsis muaj lub luag haujlwm ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv metabolism. Kwv yees li 99% ntawm lub cev loj ntawm cov tsiaj muaj cov pa roj carbon, nitrogen, calcium, sodium, magnesium, chlorine, potassium, hydrogen, phosphorus, oxygen thiab sulfur. Txheeb raws roj ntsha cov organic sib xyaw (protein, rog, carbohydrates thiab nucleic acids) muaj cov roj carbon ntau, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen thiab phosphorus.

Ntau cov sib xyaw ua ke yog cov roj ntsha ionic. Cov ions tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau lub cev yog sodium, potassium, calcium, calcium, magnesium, chlorides, phosphates thiab bicarbonates. Qhov sib npaug ntawm cov ions sab hauv ntawm lub cell thiab hauv qhov nruab nrab sab nraud txiav txim siab osmotic siab thiab pH. Ion cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov leeg thiab cov leeg mob hlwb. Qhov peev xwm ua tau nyob rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg uas tsis nco qab tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib pauv ions ntawm cov kua dej ntxiv thiab cytoplasm. Cov khoom hluav taws xob nkag thiab tawm ntawm lub xovtooj ntawm ion chaw hauv lub plasma puas. Piv txwv, thaum lub cev sib kis, cov calcium, sodium, thiab ions potassium txav mus rau hauv lub plasma membrane, cytoplasm, thiab T-leeg.

Kev hloov pauv hlau hauv lub cev yog kab kawm, zinc thiab hlau yog qhov ntau tshaj. Cov hlau no yog siv los ntawm qee cov protein (piv txwv li, enzymes ua cofactors) thiab tseem ceeb rau kev tswj hwm kev ua si ntawm cov enzymes thiab thauj cov protein. Cofactors ntawm cov enzymes feem ntau muaj zog khi rau ib qho protein tshwj xeeb, txawm li cas los xij, lawv tuaj yeem hloov kho thaum lub caij catalysis, thiab tom qab catalysis lawv ib txwm rov qab mus rau lawv lub xeev qub (tsis tau noj). Cov laij hlau tsuas yog nqus tau los ntawm lub cev siv cov khoom tshwj xeeb thauj khoom thiab tsis pom nyob hauv lub cev hauv lub xeev ywj pheej, vim tias lawv tau cuam tshuam nrog cov kev pabcuam tshwj xeeb cov roj ntsha (piv txwv li, ferritin lossis metallothioneins).

Txhua qhov muaj sia nyob tau muab faib ua yim pawg loj, nyob ntawm qhov siv ib qho: lub zog siv, lub zog roj carbon, thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob (oxidizable substrate).

1. Raws li cov khoom siv dag zog, kev muaj sia nyob tuaj yeem siv: lub zog ntawm lub teeb (duab) lossis lub zog ntawm daim ntawv cog lus siv tshuaj (chemo) Tsis tas li ntawd, txhawm rau piav qhia cov kab mob parasitic uas yog siv lub zog ntawm tus xov tooj ntawm tes, lub sij hawm paratroph.
2. Raws li lub tshuab hluav taws xob pub dawb (tus neeg sawv cev txo qis), cov kab mob muaj sia muaj peev xwm siv tau: yam khoom muaj txiaj ntsig (pov) lossis organic teeb meem (kabmob).
3. Raws li cov pa roj carbon monoxide, cov kab mob muaj sia siv: carbon dioxide (nws pib) lossis organic teeb meem (hetero-) Qee zaum lus nws pib thiab heterotroph siv in relation to lwm cov ntsiab lus uas yog ib feem ntawm kev siv roj ntsha hauv cov roj ntsha hauv daim ntawv txo (piv txwv li nitrogen, sulfur). Hauv qhov no, cov kab mob "nitrogen-autotrophic" yog hom tsiaj uas siv oxidized inorganic compounds raws li cov khoom siv nitrogen (piv txwv li, nroj tsuag, tuaj yeem nqa tawm nitrate txo). Thiab "nitrogen heterotrophic" yog cov kab mob uas tsis muaj peev xwm ua kom txo cov oxidized cov ntawv ntawm nitrogen thiab siv cov organic sib xyaw ua nws qhov chaw (piv txwv, cov tsiaj uas cov amino acids yog qhov chaw ntawm nitrogen).

Lub npe ntawm hom metabolism yog tsim los ntawm kev ntxiv cov hauv paus hniav thiab ntxiv qhov kawg ntawm lub hauv paus -yawg-Cov. Cov kab ntawv qhia cov hom metabolism hauv kev ua tau nrog cov piv txwv:

• Qee tus kws sau ntawv siv -ibntxiv thaum dej ua raws li lub tshuab hluav taws xob.

Cov kev faib tawm yog tsim los ntawm cov kws sau ntawv (A. Lvov, C. van Nil, F. J. Ryan, E. Tatem) thiab tau pom zoo rau ntawm 11 kab lus qhia hauv Cold Spring Harbor laboratory thiab yog siv thaum xub thawj los piav txog hom khoom noj khoom haus ntawm cov kab mob me me. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tam sim no siv los piav txog cov metabolism hauv lwm yam muaj sia.

Nws pom tseeb los ntawm lub rooj hais tias cov kev paub muaj peev xwm ntawm prokaryotes muaj ntau ntau yam sib piv nrog eukaryotes, uas yog pom los ntawm photolithoautotrophic thiab chemoorganoterotrophic hom metabolism.

Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias qee hom kab mob me me tuaj yeem ua tau, nyob ntawm seb ib puag ncig puag ncig (teeb pom kev zoo, muaj nyob ntawm cov organic, thiab lwm yam) thiab lub xeev physiological, nqa tawm cov metabolism ntawm ntau hom. Qhov sib xyaw ua ke ntawm ntau hom kabmob yog piav raws li kev sib xyaw ua ke.

Thaum ua ntawv thov kev faib tawm no rau cov kab mob sib txuam ua ke, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nkag siab tias nyob hauv ib qho kev muaj sia muaj peev xwm muaj cov kab mob sib txawv hauv hom metabolism. Yog li lub hlwb ntawm lub nruab nrog cua, cov kab ua haujlwm ntawm cov nroj tsuag multicellular yog cov yam ntxwv los ntawm photolithoautotrophic hom metabolism, thaum lub hlwb ntawm cov khoom nruab nrog hauv av tau piav raws li chemoorganoterotrophic. Xws li cov kab mob me, thaum cov xwm txheej ib puag ncig, theem ntawm kev txhim kho, thiab lub xeev kev hloov pauv, hom metabolism hauv ntawm lub hlwb ntawm cov kab mob sib txawv tuaj yeem hloov pauv. Piv txwv, hauv maub thiab hauv theem ntawm kev cog noob, cov hlwb ntawm cov nroj tsuag siab dua metabolize ib hom tshuaj chemo-organo-heterotrophic.

Kev zom zaub mov yog hu ua kev zom zaubmov uas ua rau cov organic molecules ntau yam piam thaj, rog, amino acids. Thaum lub caij catabolism, cov organic molecules yooj yim uas tau tsim uas tsim nyog rau kev txhaj tshuaj anabolism (biosynthesis). Feem ntau, nws yog nyob rau hauv chav kawm ntawm catabolism kev ua kom lub cev ua kom lub zog txav mus rau lub zog, txhais lub zog ntawm cov tshuaj sib txuas ntawm cov organic molecules tau thaum lub sijhawm zom zaub mov, rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv siv tau: hauv daim ntawv ntawm ATP, txo coenzymes, thiab transmembrane electrochemical muaj peev xwm. Lo lus catabolism tsis yog hais txog lub zog "metabolism hauv lub zog": hauv ntau yam muaj sia (piv txwv, phototrophs), cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb ntawm lub zog cia tsis cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau kev rhuav tshem cov organic molecules. Kev faib tawm ntawm cov dej muaj sia los ntawm hom metabolism tuaj yeem ua raws li lub zog, raws li tau xav hauv ntu lus dhau los. Cov Chemotrophs siv lub zog ntawm cov ntawv cog lus tshuaj, thiab cov phototrophs haus lub zog ntawm lub hnub ci. Txawm li cas los xij, tag nrho cov qauv sib txawv ntawm cov metabolism nyob ntawm cov kev rov ua dua redox uas cuam tshuam nrog kev hloov ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob los ntawm cov neeg tso tawm qis ntawm cov molecules, xws li organic molecules, dej, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, los txais cov molecules xws li oxygen, nitrates lossis sulfate. Hauv cov tsiaj, txoj kev cuam tshuam no cuam tshuam qhov kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov organic molecules mus rau hauv cov yooj yim, xws li carbon dioxide thiab dej. Hauv cov kab mob photosynthetic - cov nroj tsuag thiab cyanobacteria - kev hloov pauv hluav taws xob tsis tso tawm lub zog, tab sis lawv siv los ua txoj hauv kev khaws lub zog los ntawm lub hnub ci.

Catabolism hauv tsiaj tuaj yeem faib ua peb ntu loj. Ua ntej, cov organic loj molecules xws li cov protein, polysaccharides, thiab lipids tawg ua rau cov khoom me me sab nraum lub hlwb. Ntxiv mus, cov lwg me me no nkag mus rau hauv cov hlwb thiab tig mus rau hauv cov lwg me me, piv txwv li, acetyl-CoA. Nyeg, cov pab pawg acetyl ntawm coenzyme A oxidizes rau dej thiab carbon dioxide nyob rau hauv Krebs lub voj voog thiab lub tshuab ua pa, tso lub zog uas tso rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ATP.

Kev zom plab zom mov

Macromolecules xws li cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab, cellulose lossis protein yuav tsum tau tawg rau cov koog me me ua ntej lawv tuaj yeem siv los ntawm cov hlwb. Ntau chav kawm ntawm cov enzymes koom nrog hauv kev ua kom puas: proteases, uas zom cov protein rau peptides thiab amino acids, glycosidases, uas zom cov polysaccharides rau oligo- thiab monosaccharides.

Cov kab mob me me zais cov hydrolytic enzymes mus rau qhov chaw ib puag ncig lawv, uas txawv ntawm cov tsiaj txhu uas tso cov enzymes nkaus xwb los ntawm cov qe ntshav tshwj xeeb. Amino acids thiab monosaccharides, uas yog los ntawm kev ua si ntawm cov roj ntsha tso pa, tom qab ntawd nkag mus rau cov hlwb uas siv kev thauj mus los.

Txais Lub Zog Hloov

Thaum lub caij cov roj carbon catabolism, cov suab thaj ua rau cov monosaccharides, uas tau nqus cov cell. Ib zaug sab hauv, cov piam thaj (piv txwv li piam thaj thiab fructose) hloov pauv mus rau hauv pyruvate thaum lub sijhawm glycolysis, thiab qee qhov nqi ntawm ATP yog tsim tawm. Pyruvic acid (pyruvate) yog qhov nruab nrab ntawm ob peb txoj hauv kev metabolic. Txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb ntawm pyruvate metabolism yog hloov mus rau acetyl-CoA thiab tom qab ntawd mus rau lub voj voog tricarboxylic acid. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qee lub zog tau khaws cia hauv Krebs lub voj voog rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ATP, thiab NADH thiab FAD lwg me me kuj tseem tau rov qab los. Hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm glycolysis thiab lub voj voog tricarboxylic acid, cov pa roj carbon dioxide tau tsim, uas yog cov khoom lag luam muaj lub neej ntev. Nyob rau hauv kev mob anaerobic, vim qhov glycolysis los ntawm pyruvate nrog kev koom tes ntawm enzyme lactate dehydrogenase, lactate yog tsim, thiab NADH yog oxidized rau NAD,, uas yog rov siv rau hauv glycolysis kev tsis haum. Kuj tseem muaj lwm txoj hauv kev rau cov metabolism ntawm monosaccharides - pentose phosphate pathway, thaum lub zog tau muab khaws cia rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm txo coenzyme NADPH thiab pentoses raug tsim, piv txwv li, ribose, uas yog tsim nyog rau cov synthesis ntawm nucleic acids.

Cov rog hauv cov thawj theem ntawm catabolism yog hydrolyzed rau cov roj dawb thiab glycerin. Fatty acids yog tawg thaum lub sij hawm beta oxidation los tsim acetyl-CoA, uas nyob rau hauv lem yog ntxiv catabolized hauv lub voj voog Krebs, lossis mus rau kev sib txuas ntawm cov roj ntsha tshiab. Cov rog rog tso tawm lub zog ntau dua li cov roj carbohydrates, vim cov rog muaj qhov tshwj xeeb ntau hydrogen atoms hauv lawv cov qauv.

Amino acids yog ob qho tib si siv los ua ke cov protein thiab lwm cov biomolecules, lossis oxidized rau urea, carbon dioxide thiab pabcuam yog qhov khoom siv lub zog. Cov kab mob oxidative ntawm amino acid catabolism pib nrog kev tshem ntawm cov amino pawg los ntawm transaminase enzymes. Amino pawg yog siv rau hauv urea voj voog, amino acids tsis muaj amino pawg yog hu ua keto acids. Qee cov keto acids yog intermediates nyob rau hauv lub voj voog Krebs. Piv txwv, deamination ntawm glutamate tsim alpha-ketoglutaric acid. Glycogenic amino acids kuj tseem tuaj yeem hloov mus rau cov piam thaj hauv gluconeogenesis kev tsis haum.

Oxidative phosphorylation Hloov Kho

Hauv oxidative phosphorylation, hluav taws xob raug tshem tawm ntawm cov zaub mov zaub mov hauv cov txheej txheem hauv kev zom zaub mov (piv txwv, hauv lub voj voog Krebs) raug xa mus rau oxygen, thiab lub zog tso tawm tau siv los ua ke hauv ATP. Hauv eukaryotes, txoj kev no tau ua tiav nrog kev koom tes ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov protein tsau hauv mitochondrial daim nyias nyias, hu ua lub tshuab pa ua pa ntawm hluav taws xob hloov. Hauv prokaryotes, cov roj ntsha no muaj nyob hauv daim nyias nyias ntawm phab ntsa. Cov txheej txheem ntawm cov hluav taws xob xa xov hluav taws xob tau siv lub zog uas tau los ntawm kev hloov cov hluav taws xob los ntawm cov lwg me me (piv txwv li NADH) mus rau oxygen mus tso cov protons los ntawm daim nyias nyias.

Thaum cov protons yog pumped, qhov sib txawv hauv cov concentration ntawm hydrogen ions raug tsim thiab ib qho hluav taws xob electrochemical tshwm sim. Qhov kev quab yuam no rov qab cov protons rov qab rau mitochondria los ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm ATP synthase. Kev ntws tawm ntawm cov protons ua rau lub nplhaib los ntawm c-subunits ntawm lub enzyme kom tig, qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov chaw nquag ntawm synthase hloov nws cov duab thiab phosphorylates adenosine diphosphate, tig nws mus rau ATP.

Kev Siv Lub Zog Inorganic

Hemolithotrophs hu ua prokaryotes, uas muaj hom tshwj xeeb ntawm cov metabolism, hauv lub zog no tau tsim los ntawm oxidation ntawm inorganic tebchaw. Chemolithotrophs tuaj yeem oxidize molecular hydrogen, sulfur tebchaw (piv txwv li sulfides, hydrogen sulfide thiab inorganic thiosulfates), hlau (II) oxide lossis ammonia. Hauv qhov no, lub zog los ntawm oxidation ntawm cov tebchaw no yog tsim los ntawm cov neeg siv hluav taws xob, xws li oxygen los yog nitrites. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tau txais lub zog los ntawm cov tshuaj inorganic ua si lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov kev ncig biogeochemical li acetogenesis, nitrification, thiab denitrification.

Kev Tshav Ntuj Hnub Ci Zog Hloov Kho

Lub zog ntawm lub hnub ci nqus tau los ntawm cov nroj tsuag, cyanobacteria, cov kab mob ntshav, cov kab mob sulfur ntsuab, thiab qee qhov protozoa. Cov txheej txheem no feem ntau ua ke nrog kev hloov pauv ntawm carbon dioxide rau cov organic sib txuas ua ib feem ntawm cov txheej txheem photosynthesis (saib hauv qab). Lub kaw lus ntawm lub zog ntawm lub zog thiab cov pa roj carbon monoxide kho nyob rau hauv qee qhov kev qhia tawm tuaj yeem ua haujlwm cais (piv txwv, hauv cov kab mob xim ntsuab thiab xim ntsuab).

Hauv ntau yam muaj sia, kev nqus ntawm lub hnub ci zog yog nyob rau hauv txoj ntsiab cai zoo ib yam li oxidative phosphorylation, vim tias qhov no lub zog tau muab khaws cia ua qauv ntawm proton concentration gradient thiab lub zog tsav ntawm cov protons ua rau kev sib txuas ntawm ATP. Cov xaim hluav taws xob xav tau rau cov xaim hloov no yog los ntawm cov kab hluav taws xob hu ua cov kab mob sib kis (piv txwv li, rhodopsins). Nyob ntawm seb hom duab photosynthetic, ob hom kev tawm tsam sib cais tau faib; tam sim no, cov kab mob photosynthetic feem ntau tsuas muaj ib hom, thaum cov nroj tsuag thiab cyanobacteria yog ob.

Hauv cov nroj tsuag, algae thiab cyanobacteria, photosystem II siv lub zog ntawm lub teeb kom tshem tawm cov hluav taws xob hauv dej, nrog cov pa tawm ntawm cov pa tawm los ua cov khoom tawm ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Cov xaim hluav taws xob tom qab ntawd nkag mus rau b6f cytochrome complex, uas siv lub zog los tso cov protons los ntawm thylakoid membrane nyob rau hauv chloroplasts. Raws li tus neeg ntawm electrochemical gradient, protons txav rov qab los ntawm daim nyias nyias thiab ua rau ATP synthase. Cov xaim hluav taws xob tom qab dhau los ntawm photosystem I thiab tuaj yeem siv los kho NADP + coenzyme, rau siv nyob rau hauv lub voj voog Calvin, lossis rov ua dua tshiab los tsim ATP lwg me me ntxiv.

Anabolism - txheej txheej ntawm cov txheej txheem kev zom zaub mov ntawm biosynthesis ntawm cov lwg me me nrog kev siv nyiaj ntawm lub zog. Cov molecules nyuaj uas ua rau cov qauv tsim ntawm tes yog sib txuas ua ntu zus los ntawm cov txheej txheem yooj yim. Anabolism suav nrog peb theem tseem ceeb, txhua tus ntawm catalyzed los ntawm cov enzyme tshwj xeeb. Nyob rau thawj thawj theem, cov kab mob uas muaj txheej txheem ua ntej yuav tau muab tso ua ke, piv txwv li, cov amino acids, monosaccharides, terpenoids thiab nucleotides. Ntawm theem ob, txheej txheem ua ntej nrog kev siv nyiaj ntawm ATP lub zog hloov kho rau hauv cov ntawv qhib haujlwm. Nyob rau theem peb, cov monomers uas siv lub zog ua ke tau muab coj los ua ke ntxiv rau hauv cov txheej txheem kev ncau ntau, piv txwv li, cov protein, polysaccharides, lipids thiab nucleic acids.

Tsis yog txhua yam muaj sia muaj sia tuaj yeem coj los siv tag nrho cov roj ntsha muaj sia. Autotrophs (piv txwv li, nroj tsuag) tuaj yeem coj los sib tov sib xyaw ua ke cov organic molecules los ntawm cov inorganic tsawg-cov tshuaj molecular xws li carbon dioxide thiab dej. Heterotrophs xav tau cov khoom siv ntawm cov khoom sib txuam ntau dua, xws li monosaccharides thiab amino acids, los tsim cov molecules ntau cov nyom dua. Cov koom ua ke tau faib raws li lawv lub zog tseem ceeb: photoautotrophs thiab photoheterotrophs tau txais lub zog los ntawm lub hnub ci, thaum chemoautotrophs thiab chemoheterotrophs tau txais lub zog los ntawm inorganic oxidation kev cuam tshuam.

Carbon Binding Hloov

Photosynthesis yog txheej txheem ntawm biosynthesis ntawm suab thaj los ntawm carbon dioxide, nyob rau hauv lub zog tsim nyog yog nqus los ntawm lub hnub ci. Hauv nroj tsuag, cyanobacteria thiab algae, yees duab dej tshwm sim thaum oxygen oxygen photosynthesis, thaum oxygen tso tawm cov khoom tawm. Txhawm rau hloov CO₂ 3-phosphoglycerate siv lub zog ntawm ATP thiab NADP muab cia rau hauv cov kab nrig duab. Kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide muaj kev ua haujlwm uas siv cov enzyme ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase thiab yog ib feem ntawm lub voj voog Calvin. Peb hom photosynthesis tau faib rau cov nroj tsuag - raws txoj kev ntawm peb-carbon lwg me me, raws txoj kev ntawm plaub-carbon cov lwg me me (C4), thiab CAM photosynthesis. Peb hom duab hluav taws xob sib txawv hauv cov kab ntawm cov pa roj carbon dioxide thiab nws nkag mus rau hauv Calvin lub voj voog; hauv C3 cov nroj tsuag, CO khi₂ tshwm sim ncaj qha hauv lub voj voog Calvin, thiab ntawm C4 thiab CAM CO₂ yav dhau los suav nrog hauv lwm cov sib txuas. Cov kab sib txawv ntawm cov duab photosynthesis yog kev yoog raws li qhov sib txuam ntawm lub hnub ci thiab kom qhuav.

Hauv kev nthuav dav cov duab hluav taws xob, cov txheej txheem ntawm cov roj carbon khi yog ntau yam. Cov pa roj carbon dioxide tuaj yeem tsim kho nyob rau hauv lub voj voog Calvin, hauv kev rov qab Krebs, lossis hauv acetyl-CoA carboxylation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Cov lus qhia - chemoautotrophs kuj tseem khi CO₂ los ntawm lub voj voog Calvin, tab sis lub zog los ntawm cov inorganic tebchaw yog siv los ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.

Carbohydrates thiab Glycans Hloov Kho

Hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm cov piam thaj anabolism, cov organic acids yooj yim tuaj yeem hloov mus rau monosaccharides, piv txwv li, qabzib, thiab tom qab ntawd siv los coj cov tshuaj polysaccharides, xws li cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab. Kev tsim cov kua nplaum los ntawm cov sib txuas xws li pyruvate, lactate, glycerin, 3-phosphoglycerate thiab amino acids hu ua gluconeogenesis. Hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm gluconeogenesis, pyruvate tau hloov pauv mus rau cov piam thaj-6-phosphate los ntawm cov khoom siv sib txuas nruab nrab, ntau yam kuj tau tsim thaum lub sijhawm glycolysis. Txawm li cas los xij, gluconeogenesis tsis yog glycolysis nyob rau hauv kev coj rov qab, txij li ob peb qhov tshuaj lom neeg catalyze enzymes tshwj xeeb, uas ua rau nws ua tau ywj pheej tswj cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim thiab rhuav tshem cov piam thaj.

Ntau lub koom haum khaws cov khoom noj muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm lipids thiab cov rog, txawm li cas los, vertebrates tsis muaj cov enzymes uas ua rau kev hloov pauv ntawm acetyl-CoA (ib yam khoom ntawm fatty acid metabolism) rau pyruvate (ib qho mob ntawm gluconeogenesis). Tom qab lub cev tshaib plab ntev heev, cov kab ntsig rov qab los pib coj los ua cov ketone lub cev los ntawm cov roj ntsha, uas tuaj yeem hloov cov piam thaj hauv cov ntaub so ntswg xws li lub hlwb. Hauv cov nroj tsuag thiab cov kab mob, cov teeb meem metabolic no tau daws teeb meem los ntawm kev siv lub voj voog glyoxylate, uas dhau ntawm theem ntawm decarboxylation nyob rau hauv lub voj voog citric acid thiab tso cai rau koj hloov acetyl-CoA rau oxaloacetate, thiab tom qab ntawd siv nws rau cov suab thaj ua ke.

Polysaccharides ua cov qauv kev ua haujlwm thiab lub cev ua haujlwm, thiab tseem tuaj yeem ua ke nrog lipids (glycolipids) thiab cov protein (glycoproteins) siv cov oligosaccharide transferase enzymes.

Fib Acids, Isoprenoids, thiab Steroids Hloov Kho

Fatty acids uas yog tsim los ntawm fatty acid cov ntsiab lus los ntawm acetyl-CoA. Lub cev pob txha ntawm cov roj ntsha yog txuas ntxiv hauv lub voj voog ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas cov pab pawg neeg acetyl ua ntej sib koom, tom qab ntawd cov pab pawg carbonyl txo rau hauv pawg hydroxyl, tom qab ntawd lub cev qhuav dej thiab rov qab los tom qab. Fatty acid biosynthesis enzymes tau muab faib ua ob pawg: hauv tsiaj thiab fungi, tag nrho cov fatty acid synthesis cov xaum yog nqa los ntawm ib qho multifunctional hom I protein, hauv cov plastids cog thiab cov kab mob, txhua hom kis tau los ntawm cais hom II enzymes.

Terpenes thiab terpenoids yog cov sawv cev ntawm chav kawm ntau tshaj ntawm cov khoom ntuj tsim. Cov sawv cev ntawm pab pawg ntawm cov tshuaj no yog cov tsim ntawm isoprene thiab tsim los ntawm cov txheej txheem ua ntej ntawm isopentyl pyrophosphate thiab dimethylallyl pyrophosphate, uas, nyeg, yog tsim nyob rau hauv cov teeb meem sib txawv ntawm cov metabolism. Hauv cov tsiaj txhu thiab cov archaea, isopentyl pyrophosphate thiab dimethylallyl pyrophosphate tau muab sib txuam los ntawm acetyl-CoA hauv txoj kev mevalonate, thaum nyob hauv cov nroj tsuag thiab cov kab mob, pyruvate thiab glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate yog cov khoom me ntawm cov tsis-mevalonate txoj hauv kev. Hauv cov tshuaj steroid biosynthesis kev ua haujlwm, isoprene lwg me me ua ke thiab tsim squalene, uas tom qab ntawd ua cov voj voog ncig mus los nrog kev tsim cov lanosterol. Lanosterol tuaj yeem hloov mus rau lwm cov tshuaj steroids, xws li cov roj (cholesterol) thiab ergosterol.

Tua nas Hloov Kho

Cov kab mob sib txawv hauv lawv lub peev xwm los coj 20 cov amino acids ntau yam. Feem ntau cov kab mob thiab cov nroj tsuag tuaj yeem coj los ua txhua yam 20, tab sis cov tsiaj txhu tuaj yeem coj los ua ke tsuas yog 10 amino acids tseem ceeb. Yog li, kis tau tus mob no, 9 qhov tseem ceeb amino acids yuav tsum tau los ntawm cov khoom noj. Txhua cov amino acids raug tsim tawm los ntawm glycolysis intermediates, lub voj voog citric acid, los yog pentose monophosphate txoj kev. Qhov hloov ntawm cov amino pawg ntawm cov amino acids rau alpha-keto acids yog hu ua transamination. Amino pab pawg cov neeg pub yog glutamate thiab glutamine.

Cov amino acids txuas nrog los ntawm peptide bonds tsim cov protein. Txhua cov protein muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov amino acid seem (thawj cov qauv protein). Ib yam li cov ntawv ntawm cov niam ntawv tuaj yeem ua ke nrog kev tsim cov yuav luag tsis tas cov lus ntawm cov lus sib txawv, cov amino acids tuaj yeem khi rau hauv ib qib lossis lwm qhov thiab tsim tau ntau hom protein. Cov aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase enzyme catalyzes ATP-dependant ntxiv ntawm cov amino acids rau tRNA nrog ester bonds, thiab cov aminoacyl-tRNAs yog tsim. Aminoacyl-tRNAs yog cov substrates rau ribosomes uas sib txuas nrog cov amino acids rau hauv cov kab ntev ntev polypeptide siv cov mRNA matrix.