Pancreatic cov tshuaj hormones > Cov tshuaj insulin

Pancreatic cov tshuaj hormones. Tus txheej txheem ntawm kev ua ntawm insulin. Biochemical cov cim ntawm cov ntshav qab zib

Cov tshuaj insulin yog tsim los ntawm the-hlwb ntawm cov islets ntawm Langerhans lub caj dab hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev ceev faj - preproinsulin. Kev ntxuav lub teeb liab sib lawv liag los ntawm nws ua rau kev tsim cov proinsulin, suav nrog A thiab B saw thiab C peptide txuas rau lawv. Qhov loj hlob ntawm prohormone muaj nyob rau hauv "kev zam" ntawm C-peptide los ntawm proteinases. Cov roj ntsha insulin lawm muaj cov kab txuas A thiab B txuas nrog los ntawm ob tus pas txuas hniav. Ib txoj saw muaj 21 amino acid seem thiab muaj ib tus choj disulfide. Cov saw B muaj 30 cov amino acid seem. Kev hloov pauv ntawm cov kua dej rau insulin pib nyob rau hauv Golgi apparatus thiab txuas ntxiv hauv cov roj zom zom zuj zus ntawm β-hlwb.

Ua lub cev dhau los ntawm kev nqis tes ua tam sim ntawd, insulin yog sai ua ke (hauv ib teev) thiab muab zais rau ntawm tus nqi ntawm 40 units / hnub. Lub ntsiab ntawm lub zog ua kom muaj zog rau insulin secretion yog kev nce ntxiv hauv cov ntshav qabzib. Cov tshuaj Insulin tsis muaj qhov xa cov protein nyob hauv ntshav ntshav, yog li nws ib nrab-lub neej tsis pub dhau 3-5 feeb. Lub cev kev xav ntau ntawm cov tshuaj insulin hauv ntshav yog 10 -12 - 10 -9 mol / L.

Phiaj nqaij nqaij rau cov insulin yog adipose, cov leeg nqaij thiab mob siab.

Cov tshuaj insulin muaj nyob rau ntawm lub cell ua, yog glycoproteins, muaj ob α- thiab ob sub-subunits txuas nrog los ntawm disulfide daim ntawv cog lus, muaj tyrosine kinase kev ua si.

Qhov α-subunit yog sab nraud sab nraud ntawm tes thiab pabcuam rau kom paub txog kev mob insulin. Ob α-subunits tau txuas rau txhua lwm yam los ntawm disulfide bonds. Β-subunit hla lub plasma daim nyias nyias thiab muaj qhov loj ntawm cytoplasmic cheeb tsam uas muaj tyrosine kinase kev ua haujlwm, i.e. lub peev xwm phosphorylate proteins ntawm tyrosine.

Tus txheej txheem ntawm kev ua ntawm insulin. Cov tshuaj Insulin yog ib qho ntawm cov kev kawm ua muaj protein: nws thawj zaug ntawm cov khoom siv protein tau txais hauv kev ua kom huv, crystallized thiab synthesized chemically thiab los ntawm caj ces engineering. Cov kev vam meej ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb hauv daim teb no tau muab nrog cov khoom plig Nobel. Txawm li cas los xij, nws cov haujlwm ntawm kev nqis tes ntawm qib molecular tsis tau nkag siab zoo tshaj rau cov tshuaj hormones feem ntau. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua ntawm insulin yog tam sim no nthuav tawm raws li hauv qab no. Los ntawm kev khi rau the-subunits ntawm receptor, insulin ua kom lub tyrosine kinase ntawm β-subunits. Thawj txheej sub rau nws yog β-subunit nws tus kheej, i.e. autophosphorylation ntawm lub receptor yog pom thaum nws khi rau cov tshuaj insulin. Ntxiv mus, lub teeb liab los ntawm cov tshuaj hormone mus rau hauv lub cell hauv ob qhov kev qhia:

Cov kinase receptor suav nrog phosphorylation cascade ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm cellular enzymes. Qhov no ua rau muaj kev sib txuam nrog ob leeg hauv lub receptor molecule thiab hauv lub cell membrane. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, cell permeability rau K +, Ca 2+, ntshav qabzib amino acids nce. Yog li, insulin receptor substrate proteins (IRS) yog phosphorylated thiab ua kom rov ua haujlwm, uas ua kom muaj serine thiab threonine protein kinases, uas phosphorylate (twb muaj nyob hauv Ser lossis Tre seem) ntau cov protein, nrog rau tshuaj protein phosphatases i.e. cov enzymes uas zom cov phosphate seem ntawm phosphoproteins. Yog li, qhov kev ua ntawm cov tshuaj insulin ua rau cov phosphorylation tshwj xeeb ntawm qee cov protein thiab dephosphorylation ntawm lwm tus Cov nqaijrog uas phosphorylate teb rau insulin thiab ua haujlwm: PDE, cAMP, 6S ribosomal protein, cytoskeleton protein (MAP-2, actin, tubulin, fodrin thiab) lwm yam). Phosphorylation ntawm cytoskeletal cov nqaijrog tam sim tom qab khi ntawm insulin rau lub cell ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv sai ntawm cov piam thaj transporter protein (= glucose thauj) los ntawm intracellular depot (EPR vesicles) rau lub plasma daim nyias nyias. Qhov feem pua ntawm cov piam thaj kev nkag siab hauv lub cell nce ntxiv txog 30 txog 40 zaug. Muaj tsawg kawg 6 hom piam thaj hauv tsheb thauj khoom - GLUT-1, GLUT-2 thiab ua ntej GLUT-6. lawv txhua tus glycoproteins.

Txawm li cas los xij, ntau zaus cov insulin ua rau cov protein dephosphorylation. Tej zaum enzyme yuav:

nce - glycogen synthetase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, α-glycerol phosphate acyltransferase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase hydroxymethyl glutaryl CoA reductase,

txo qis - phosphorylase A, phosphorylase B kinase, nqaij lipase, phosphoenopyruvate carboxylase thiab lwm yam GNG enzymes.

Lwm qhov kev taw qhia ntawm lub teeb liab sib kis los ntawm insulin mus rau lub cell yog txuam nrog tyrosine kinase phosphorylation ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb G protein receptor, uas tuaj yeem raug txiav txim siab Gins. Qhov no ua rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm ib qho phospholipase C. Qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm phospholipase yog tias nws tau ua haujlwm thaum tsuas yog cov tshuaj insulin khi rau cov receptor thiab tsis ua rau phospholipid ib txwm, tab sis tsuas yog ntawm phospholipidylinositol glycan. Tsis zoo li phosphatylylinositol, qhov glycolipid ua ntej ntawm no tsuas muaj cov roj ntsha uas muaj cov roj av ntau ntau, thiab cov roj tov tau ntxiv rau hauv inositol, uas suav nrog galactose, galactosamine. Cov tshuaj Insulin, ib qho tshwj xeeb phospholipase C, catalyzes tsim kom muaj ob tus neeg sib kho: cov qauv tsis sib xws ntawm DAG uas tsuas yog muaj roj nyeem cov roj ntsha thiab GIF. Lipophilic DAG tseem nyob hauv lub plasma membrane thiab txhim kho kev thauj cov kua nplaum, amino acids thiab ions (K +, Ca 2+) rau hauv lub cell. Hydrophilic GIFF txav kev ywj pheej hauv lub cytoplasm thiab pauv kev ua ub no ntawm ntau tus enzymes. Yog li, cov haujlwm ntawm hexakinase, phosphofructokinase, glycerol-3-phosphate acyl transferase, Na + / K + -ATPase nce, qhov kev ua haujlwm ntawm adenylate cyclase, PK A, FEP-carboxylase thiab lwm yam GNG enzymes poob qis.

Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuaj insulin nrog 30 feeb tom qab kev khi khi ua rau endocytosis (sab hauv) thiab cuam tshuam rau hauv lub cell, feem ntau ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob puas tsuaj los ntawm lysosomal proteinases, thiab cov insulin pub dawb feem ntau rov qab mus rau lub ntsej muag ntawm tes.

Cov caj ces caj hlav ntawm insulin

Txog tam sim no, tshawb rau cov kws kho nruab nrab insulin txuas ntxiv mus. Lawv lub luag haujlwm tau lees paub thaum pib ntawm kev kawm ntawm insulin: cGMP, Ca 2+, TSIS TAU, H₂O₂hloov lipid intermediates (DAG, GIF), peptides, thiab lwm yam. Txawm li cas los xij, cov teebmeem no tseem tsis tau daws thaum kawg (lawv tus qauv tsis tau txiav txim siab).

Tus txheej txheem ntawm nce permeability ntawm daim nyias nyias:

Hloov pauv ntawm cov ntshav membrane cov roj ntsha thaum lub sijhawm receptor autophosphorylation,

Kev ua kom muaj cov tshuab tshwj xeeb ntawm Na + / K + -ATPase, potassium. piam thaj transporter hloov pauv hloov,

Hloov pauv PL cov lus sib xyaw ntawm daim nyias nyias (inhibition ntawm PLdmethyltransferase).

Cov nyhuv ntawm insulin rau ntawm carbohydrate thiab lipid metabolism yog feem ntau vim tias qhov txo qis hauv qib c AMP vim kev txwv tsis pub adenylate cyclase thiab ua kom PDE c AMP.

Insulin txo qis ntshav qabzib los ntawm:

Txhim kho cov kua nplaum mus thoob plaws lub plasma daim phiaj ntawm cov phiaj phiaj hlwb,

Txhim kho kev siv cov kua nplaum ntev. Hauv lub xias, kwv yees li ib nrab ntawm nws tawg hauv glycolysis nyob hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov enzymes tseem ceeb - HA, FFK, PK. 30-40% ntawm cov piam thaj mus rau lipid synthesis, tshwj xeeb hauv cov ntaub so ntswg adipose, kwv yees li 10% tau mus rau glycogen synthesis (kev ua haujlwm ntawm glycogen synthase),

Ntawm qhov tod tes, glycogen decomposition yog inhibited (txo phosphorylase A kev ua si) thiab GNG yog qhov cuam tshuam (vim muaj kev txo qis ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm nws cov enzymes tseem ceeb - phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, fructose bisphosphatase thiab glucose-6-phosphatase thiab qhov tsis muaj GNG + aminocolots yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv lipids) Cov. Cauj GKoy thiab zoo li hais tias "xauv" hauv ib lub cell,

Ntxiv dag zog rau cov khoom cua ntawm cov khoom siv roj (ua haujlwm ntawm acetyl CoA carboxylase)

Ntxiv dag zog rau cov synthesis ntawm TAG (ua haujlwm ntawm glycerolphosphate acyltransferase)

Kev txwv tsis pub lipolysis (txo qis hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov nqaij lipase)

Qhov inhibition ntawm kev tsim cov ketone lub cev (tsim feem ntau los ntawm cov piam thaj, acetyl-CoA mus rau CC thiab lipid synthesis)

Hauv cov ntshav, lipoprotein ua haujlwm ntawm lipase yog pom, uas ua haujlwm ntawm TAG ua ib feem ntawm lipoproteins (chylomicrons, VLDL), yog li tswj hwm theem ntawm lipemia.

Txhim kho kev thauj cov amino acids rau hauv lub cell

Kev txwv tsis pub muaj protein ntau vim yog kev thaiv cov nqaij mos cov nqaij

Ua kom muaj protein ntau ua ke. Cov txiaj ntsig sai ntawm cov tshuaj hormones ntawm cov protein ua ke (txog li ib teev) yog txiav txim siab feem ntau ntawm cov kev cai ntawm kev hloov tsheb thiab kev txhais lus: kev pib thiab elongation ntawm peptide chains yog ua kom nrawm, tus lej thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm ribosomes tau nce, phosphorylation ntawm ribosomal S6 protein yog tshuab txais, tom qab ntawd kev tsim cov polysomes. Yog tias kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tshuaj insulin nyob rau hauv lub cell ntev dua 1 teev, tom qab ntawd cov synthesis ntawm nucleic acids nce ntxiv, uas yog nrog cov cell faib, kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm tag nrho.

Yog li, cov nyhuv ntawm cov tshuaj insulin rau cov metabolism tuaj yeem pom tus asabolic, nrog rau qhov zoo ntawm nitrogen tshuav nyiaj.

Tsis zoo hormonal muaj nuj nqi ntawm lub txiav

Cov tsis tshua muaj tsawg yog qhov tsis txaus siab ntawm cov tshuaj insulin (phau ntawv qhia), cov tshuaj hormones tsis txaus yog pom ntau dua. Nrog rau cov insulin tsis txaus lossis insulin tsis kam (tiv taus nws qhov kev txiav txim siab), ntshav qab zib loj hlob. Hauv Lavxias, mob ntshav qab zib cuam tshuam txog 1 lab 900 txhiab tus neeg lossis 1.2% ntawm tag nrho cov pejxeem. Ntxiv mus, hauv 16% ntawm cov neeg mob, insulin-tiv thaiv ntshav qab zib mellitus (IDDM) lossis hom ntshav qab zib 1. 84% ntawm cov neeg mob muaj ntshav qab zib tsis muaj tshuaj tua kab mob ntshav qab zib (NIDDM) lossis ntshav qab zib hom 2.

Nrog IDDM lossis hom ntshav qab zib hom 1, qhov kev txo qis hauv cov ntshav insulin yog vim qhov kev puas tsuaj rau pancreatic cells-hlwb, lossis kev ua haujlwm sai ntawm insulin hauv daim siab thiab ntshav. Nrog NIDDM lossis hom 2 mob ntshav qab zib, cov tshuaj insulin yog qhov qub lossis tseem nce siab, tab sis cov phiaj xov tooj poob lawv qhov kev xav tsis zoo rau nws.

Cov laj thawj rau tshuaj insulin kuj yuav yog:

kev ua txhaum ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm cov tshuaj hormones thiab nws cov receptor nrog cov tsos ntawm kev hloov kho hauv cov roj ntsha thiab kev ua txhaum ntawm lawv lub zog kev ua haujlwm,

muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rau cov tshuaj insulin uas cuam tshuam rau kev khi ntawm cov tshuaj insulin rau cov receptor,

kev ua txhaum ntawm endocytosis (sab hauv) ntawm lub complex ntawm cov tshuaj insulin nrog cov receptor, muaj kev puas zuj zus ntawm insulin receptors,

ntxov ntxov ntawm IR-ra,

txo autophosphorylation ntawm lub receptor, ua raws li los ntawm kev ua tsis taus ntawm cov tshuaj insulin mediators, thiab lwm yam.

Ntxiv mus, txhua qhov kev thaiv ntawm cov teeb liab kis ntawm lub zog mus rau ntawm tes yuav ua tau kom tiav lossis ib nrab ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov tshuaj insulin rau ntawm lub cev metabolism txawm thaum nws cov siab nyob hauv lub cev.

Biochemical cov cim ntshav qab zib

Pir hloov ntshav qab zib hauv cov metabolism yog yuav luag sib luag ntawm cov tshwm sim los ntawm insulin. Kev thauj khoom ntawm cov tshuaj rau hauv hlwb tsawg zuj zus, cov ntsiab lus ntawm c AMP nce, i.e. nyob rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg, cov nyhuv ntawm thiaj li hu ua contra-hormonal cov tshuaj hormones, feem ntau glucagon, pib yeej, nrog kev hloov pauv hauv cov metabolism. Qhov yeeb yam tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntshav qab zib yog hyperglycemia, uas tshwm sim los ntawm:

Txo ntshav qab zib thauj mus rau lub hlwb,

Kev siv cov roj ntsha ua kom tsis muaj ntshav qab zib (nrog IDDM, tsuas yog 5% piam thaj yog hloov mus rau rog, glycolysis thiab glycogen synthesis yog inhibited)

Ntau dua cov piam thaj ntau lawm (glycogenolysis thiab GNG los ntawm amino acids).

Cov piam thaj dawb tuaj yeem khiav tawm ntawm cov ntshav mus rau hauv cov ntshav. Thaum nws cov ntsiab lus ntshav plasma ntau dua lub plawv raum (10 mmol / L), pom muaj glucosuria. Hauv qhov no, qhov ntim ntawm cov zis nce ntxiv vim yog osmotic diuresis, i.e. polyuria, lub cev qhuav dej thiab polydipsia (kev haus dej ntau dhau) tau pom. Glucosuria ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj hauv cov calories (4.1 kcal rau 1 g ntawm cov kua ntshav hauv lub cev), uas ua ke nrog kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov proteolysis thiab lipolysis, ua rau lub cev tsis muaj qhov hnyav, txawm hais tias tsis qab los noj mov (polyphagy).

Qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm lipolysis hla lipogenesis ua rau muaj kev nce ntxiv hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov roj ntsha hauv plasma. Thaum nws tshaj qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm daim siab ua rau oxidize fatty acids mus rau carbon dioxide thiab dej, cov synthesis ntawm ketone lub cev ua haujlwm thiab ketonemia thiab ketonuria, kev hloov pauv hauv cov ntshav pH nrog kev txhim kho ntawm metabolic acidosis, raug pom. Los ntawm cov neeg mob tuaj cuag tus ntxhiab tsw ntxhiab ntawm acetone, uas yog hnov txawm nyob deb. Yog tias koj tsis nkag rau insulin, tus neeg mob yuav tuag los ntawm kev mob plab qab plab tsis xeev. Kev txo qis ntawm cov haujlwm ntawm lipoprotein lipase hloov qhov sib piv ntawm LP feem, raws li txoj cai, qib VLDL thiab LDL nce ntxiv, uas ua rau kev txhim kho atherosclerosis. Nrog tus mob ntshav qab zib hom 1, cov hlab ntsha me me feem ntau cuam tshuam, i.e. microangiopathies kev loj hlob, uas tuaj yeem pom lawv tus kheej, raws li txoj cai, nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cerebral arteriosclerosis, thiab ntau zaus hauv daim ntawv ntawm ischemic mob plawv. Nws tsis yog qhov xwm txheej tshwm sim uas ntshav qab zib tam sim no hu ua tsis yog qhov teeb meem ntawm endocrinology, tab sis kuj cardiology.

Txo cov protein ua kom tsawg dua, ua kom lub cev tsis muaj kab mob, thiab thauj cov amino acids mus rau hauv cov hlwb ua rau hyperaminoacidemia thiab aminoaciduria (i.e., poob ntawm nitrogen hauv cov zis). Nce amino acid catabolism ua rau kev nce qib ntawm urea hauv cov ntshav thiab nce ntxiv hauv nws cov zis hauv zis. Yog li, cov tshuaj insulin tsis txaus nyob hauv tib neeg yog los nrog kev tsis zoo nitrogen tshuav.

Yog li, cov cim tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntshav qab zib tau teev. Muaj ntau yam mob ntshav qab zib, sib txawv zuj zus thiab hauv cov tsos mob. Yog li, cov mob me tshaj plaws ntawm kab mob (sib sib deev mob ntshav qab zib mellitus, mob latent, mob ntshav qab zib) tsuas yog pom los ntawm ntau dua li ib txwm muaj mob hyperglycemia tom qab noj mov, i.e. txo cov piam thaj hauv kev siab ntev.

Ntau hom mob ntshav qab zib tuaj yeem txiav txim siab los ntawm kev ua kom tsis muaj lwm tus cov tshuaj hormones, piv txwv li, cov thyroid (hypothyroidism feem ntau muaj, uas ua rau lub sijhawm muaj ntshav qab zib, cov thyroid hyperfunction hauv ntshav qab zib tsawg dua thiab ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam tsawg dua).

Biochemistry ntawm cov ntshav qab zib muaj teeb meem

Ntxiv rau kev hloov pauv hauv lipid metabolism, hyperglycemia ua lub luag haujlwm loj hauv lawv txoj kev loj hlob. Cov ntaub so ntswg no cuam tshuam qhov twg cov kua nplaum nkag mus ntawm nws tus kheej ntawm insulin: ob lub raum, retina thiab lens ntawm lub qhov muag, cov leeg ntshav thiab cov hlab ntsha. Hauv lawv, cov ntsiab lus qabzib yog tib yam li hauv ntshav, i.e. saum toj no ib txwm. Qhov no ua rau nce nonenzymatic glycosylation ntawm cov nqaijrog, piv txwv li, collagen thiab lwm cov protein ntawm qab daus puas. Glycosylation hloov cov khoom ntawm cov protein thiab cuam tshuam lawv txoj haujlwm, piv txwv li, glycosylation ntawm hemoglobin tsub kom nws muaj kev cuam tshuam rau cov pa oxygen, cov ntaub so ntswg yog mob ntxiv nrog oxygen. HDL glycosylation ua rau muaj kev nrawm dua ntawm lawv cov catabolism, thiab LDL glycosylation ua rau lawv txo qis ntawm cov ntshav thiab lwj, i.e. theem ntawm HDL txo, thiab LDL nce siab, uas pab txhawb kev txhim kho atherosclerosis. Hauv qee cov qe ntshav (cov hlab ntsha phab ntsa, Schwann hlwb, erythrocytes, lub lens thiab retina, cov noob qes), cov kua nplaum nyob rau NADP-depend aldzo reductase nrog kev tsim 6-atom cawv - sorbitol. Sorbitol nkag mus tsis zoo los ntawm cov xoos ntawm tes; nws cov tsub zuj zuj ua rau osmotic o cov hlwb thiab ua haujlwm tsis zoo. Kev o lub ntsej muag thiab kev sib txuam ntawm cov kua roj glycosylated hauv nws ua rau clouding thiab kev txhim kho cataracts. Cov hlab ntsha cuam tshuam los ntawm capillaries ntawm ob lub raum, retina (txog qhov muag tsis pom kev), thiab lwm yam. Yog li ntawv thiaj li hais txog kev kho mob ntshav qab zib, lawv siv zog tswj cov piam thaj kom ze rau qhov ib txwm nyob.

Mechanism ntawm kev ua ntawm insulin

Lub biochemistry ntawm insulin yog los txhim kho thiab ua kom nrawm nkag mus ntawm cov kua nplaum los ntawm cov qog cell. Kev txhawb zog ntxiv ntawm cov kua dej sai ntxiv ua rau cov piam thaj thauj ntau zaus.

Lub tshuab nruab nrab ntawm kev ua ntawm insulin thiab biochemistry ntawm cov txheej txheem yog raws li hauv qab no:

Tom qab tswj hwm cov tshuaj insulin, ib qho kev nce ntawm cov xov tooj tshwj xeeb thauj hauv cov cell ntau dua tuaj. Qhov no tso cai rau koj kom tshem tawm cov piam thaj hauv cov ntshav sai li sai tau thiab nrog kev siv hluav taws xob tsawg thiab ua kom cov roj ntsha tsis txaus. Nrog lub cev tsis muaj peev xwm ntawm cov tshuaj insulin ntau lawm ntawm nws tus kheej, ntxiv kev txhawb nqa los ntawm insulin yog qhov yuav tsum tau los txhawb nqa cov nyiaj yuav tsum tau ntawm cov thauj cov protein.
Cov tshuaj Insulin nce cov kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov enzymes koom nrog kev sib txuas ntawm glycogen los ntawm kev sib txuam nyuaj ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam thiab tiv thaiv nws cov txheej txheem lwj.

Lub biochemistry ntawm insulin suav nrog tsis tsuas yog koom tes hauv cov metabolism hauv qabzib. Cov tshuaj insulin koom nrog cov metabolism hauv cov rog, amino acids, thiab cov synthesis protein. Cov tshuaj Insulin tseem muaj feem cuam tshuam rau cov txheej txheem ntawm cov noob hloov pauv thiab coj mus luam tawm. Hauv tib neeg lub siab, cov leeg pob txha, pob insulin yog siv los hloov ntau dua 100 lub noob

Nyob rau hauv daim siab thiab hauv daim ntaub adipose nws tus kheej, insulin inhibits qhov tawg ntawm cov rog, vim li ntawd, qhov kev xav ntawm fatty acids ncaj qha hauv cov ntshav txo qis. Raws li, qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov roj (cholesterol) hauv cov hlab ntsha raug txo qis thiab kev hla ntawm cov phab ntsa ntawm cov hlab tau rov qab los.

Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov rog nyob rau hauv daim siab nyob rau hauv tus ntawm insulin yog tsa los ntawm acetylCoA-carboxylase thiab lipoprotein lipase enzymes. Qhov no ntxuav tawm cov ntshav, cov rog kom tshem tawm cov ntshav ntws mus los.

Kev koom tes hauv cov lipid metabolism yog muaj cov ntsiab lus hauv qab no:

Lub zog ntawm cov khoom siv roj ua kom zoo dua thaum ua kom cov acetyl CoA carboxylase,
Cov kev ua ntawm cov nqaij lipase tsawg dua, cov txheej txheem ntawm lipolysis yog inhibited,
Kev txwv tsis pub muaj qhov tsim los ntawm cov ketone lub cev yog ua tiav, txij li txhua lub zog xa mus rau lipid synthesis.

Cov roj ntsha ua raws roj ntsha thiab cov qauv ntawm insulin

Cov tshuaj hormones nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm preproinsulin yog tsim kho nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb beta hlwb ntawm islets ntawm Langerhans nyob rau hauv lub pancreas. Qhov ntim tag nrho ntawm cov islets yog li 2% ntawm tag nrho qhov loj ntawm lub qog. Nrog ib qho kev txo qis hauv kev ua si ntawm islets, qhov tsis muaj peev xwm ntawm cov tshuaj synthesized tshwm sim, hyperglycemia, kev txhim kho ntawm cov kab mob endocrine.

Tom qab ntxuav cov phiajcim tshwj xeeb los ntawm preproinsulin, proinsulin yog tsim, uas muaj cov A thiab B saw nrog txuas C-petid. Raws li cov tshuaj hormones zuj zus, proteinases ntes cov saw peptide, uas yog hloov los ntawm ob choj disulfide. Kev laus tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Golgi apparatus thiab hauv cov lus zais granule ntawm beta hlwb.

Cov tshuaj hormones loj hlob muaj 21 amino acids nyob rau hauv txoj saw A thiab 30 amino acids nyob rau hauv ob txoj hlua. Synthesis yuav siv sijhawm nruab nrab li ib teev, zoo li nrog cov tshuaj hormones tam sim ntawd. Cov molecule ruaj khov, hloov cov amino acids muaj nyob hauv qhov tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov saw polypeptide.

Cov receptors ua lub luag hauj lwm rau cov metabolism hauv insulin yog glycoproteins nyob ncaj qha rau ntawm lub xias cell. Tom qab ntes thiab ua cov txheej txheem hauv lub cev, cov qauv ntawm cov tshuaj insulin raug rhuav tshem, cov receptor rov qab mus rau cov xovtooj ntawm tes.

Qhov kev tawm dag zog uas ua rau lub teeb meem tso tawm ntawm insulin yog kev nce ntxiv hauv qabzib. Thaum tsis muaj cov protein tshwj xeeb - qhov kev hloov pauv hauv cov ntshav ntshav, ib nrab neej mus txog 5 feeb. Tsis tas yuav muaj cov protein ntxiv rau kev thauj mus los, txij li cov tshuaj hormones nkag mus ncaj qha rau hauv cov leeg ntshav hlab ntsha thiab los ntawm muaj mus rau hauv cov leeg ntshav portal. Lub siab yog lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb rau qhov kev ua haujlwm. Thaum nws nkag mus rau hauv lub siab, nws cov peev txheej tawm los txog li 50% ntawm qhov hormone.

Dua li ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias cov ntsiab cai ntawm kev ua nrog cov pov thawj lub hauv paus - ib tus dev nrog kev tsim cov ntshav qab zib thaum tshem tawm cov txiav, raug nthuav tawm ntawm qhov kawg ntawm xyoo pua puv 19, nyob rau theem molecular, txoj kev sib cuam tshuam txuas ntxiv ua rau muaj kev sib cav txog kev kub ntxhov thiab tsis to taub tag nrho. Qhov no siv rau txhua qhov kev cuam tshuam nrog noob thiab kev sib deev hormonal. Rau kev kho mob ntshav qab zib, kab ntsig thiab calf insulin pib siv nyob rau hauv 20s ntawm 20 caug xyoo.

Dab tsi yog qhov txaus ntshai uas tsis muaj cov tshuaj insulin hauv lub cev

Nrog rau qhov tsis muaj ntau lawm ntawm insulin lossis ntau dhau ntawm cov carbohydrates los ntawm cov zaub mov, kev tsim nyog rau kev txhim kho cov ntshav qab zib mellitus, muaj kab mob hauv cov kab mob metabolic, tshwm sim.

Cov tsos mob hauv qab no dhau los ua cov xeeb ceem ntawm cov theem pib ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm metabolic:

Kev nqhis dej heev, lub cev qhuav dej. Kev noj zaub mov zoo ua tsaug rau qhov ntau ntawm cov dej haus cawv. Qhov tseeb, qhov xwm txheej no tshwm sim ua ntej cov ntshav qab zib mellitus thiab tuaj yeem kav ntau lub hlis lossis ntau xyoo. Tus mob yog qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov yam ntxwv rau cov ntshav qabzib kev tsim txom, cov neeg nyiam dag zog, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm kev ua haujlwm nrog kev mob hlwb nrog kev ua haujlwm sedentary thiab kev ua haujlwm hauv lub hlwb.
Nquag tso zis ntau zaus. Kev nyiam qoj ib ce zoo siab - qhov hnyav yog qhov qub, lub cev tshem tawm cov co toxins. Sedentary cov neeg ua haujlwm ntseeg hais tias cov neeg ua haujlwm siab tau ua haujlwm. Yog tias tag nrho cov dej tawm ntawm cov kua dej tawm ntau dua li ntawm 4-5 litres, qhov no yog qhov tsos mob hnyav.
Kev qaug zog hauv cov leeg nqaij, ib lub xeev ntawm tas li kev qaug zog, qaug zog.
Ketonemia, mob hauv lub raum, mob siab, hnov ntxhiab ntawm acetone los ntawm lub qhov ncauj lossis los ntawm cov zis.
Kev tawm tsam sai ntawm lub cev mus rau cov khoom qab zib - muaj peev xwm ua haujlwm yog rov qab, cov rog thiab cov tswv yim tshiab tshwm sim.
Kev kuaj ntshav yuav qhia ntxiv rau cov ntshav qab zib hauv ntshav siab, nce ntxiv hauv fatty acids, tshwj xeeb cov roj cholesterol. Qhov mob txeeb zig yuav qhia tias pom muaj acetone hauv cov zis.

Nkag siab txog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua ntawm insulin thiab kev siv tshuaj biochemistry ntawm cov txheej txheem hauv lub cev pab txhim kho kev noj zaub mov kom zoo thiab tsis muaj kev phom sij rau lub cev los ntawm kev siv ntshav qabzib ntau hauv nws daim ntawv ntshiab, piv txwv li, raws li lub teeb pom kev, lossis qib siab ntawm carbohydrates ceev.

Qhov phom sij ntawm cov tshuaj insulin ntau ntxiv

Nrog rau cov khoom noj khoom haus ntau ntxiv, cov ntsiab lus carbohydrate ntau ntxiv hauv cov zaub mov, ua kom lub cev hnyav dhau los, qhov ntuj tsim tawm ntawm insulin ntau dua. Kev npaj tshuaj insulin yog siv hauv kev ua kis las los ua kom cov leeg nqaij txoj kev loj hlob, nce lub zog thiab muab lub cev ua kom zoo dua.

Thaum lub thauj khoom nres lossis cov txheej txheem kev cob qhia tsis muaj zog txaus, cov leeg mob sai sai, thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm cov rog cia tshwm sim. Hormonal tshuav nyiaj yog cuam tshuam, uas tseem ua rau ntshav qab zib tau.

Hom ntshav qab zib hom 2, kev tsim cov tshuaj insulin hauv lub cev tseem nyob rau theem qub, tab sis cov hlwb ua rau nws tiv thaiv tsis tau. Yuav kom ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig ib txwm, ib qho tseem ceeb nce ntxiv ntawm tus lej ntawm lub cev yuav tsum muaj. Raws li kev tawm tsam ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg, tag nrho cov duab hauv tsev kho mob tau pom, zoo ib yam li qhov tsis muaj tshuaj hormones, tab sis nrog nws ntau dhau.

Vim li cas, hais txog cov txheej txheem biochemical, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tau ua kom cov ntshav qabzib nyob hauv qhov qub

Nws yuav zoo li tias kev tsim cov tshuaj insulin muaj peev xwm daws tau qhov teeb meem ntawm kev mob ntshav qab zib, tshem tawm sai sai, thiab cov metabolism hauv ib txwm muaj. Raws li, nws ua rau tsis muaj txiaj ntsig los tswj cov suab thaj. Tab sis, qhov no tsis yog li.

Hyperglycemia cuam tshuam cov ntaub so ntswg uas cov piam thaj dawb nkag mus yam tsis muaj kev koom tes ntawm insulin. Lub paj hlwb, cov ntshav ncig, ob lub raum, thiab cov plab hnyuv siab raum tsis pom kev. Kev nce ntxiv nyob rau hauv cov piam thaj qib cuam tshuam rau cov haujlwm ntawm cov protein ua haujlwm, thiab cov pa oxygen rau cov cell ua kom lub ntsej muag vim cov hemoglobin hloov.

Glycosylation cuam tshuam kev ua haujlwm ntawm collagen - nce tsis yooj yim thiab kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov hlab ntsha, uas ua rau kev txhim kho ntawm atherosclerosis. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm tus mob hyperglycemia muaj xws li o ntawm lub qhov muag crystalline, kev puas ntsoog retinal, thiab cataract kev loj hlob. Cov nqaij mos thiab cov hlab ntsha ntawm lub raum kuj cuam tshuam. Hauv kev pom txog qhov txaus ntshai ntawm teeb meem, hauv kev kho mob ntshav qab zib, nws raug nquahu kom ceev cov suab thaj kom nyob hauv ib qib.

Li ntawm 6% ntawm cov pejxeem ntawm cov tebchaws feem ntau tsim kev txom nyem los ntawm cov insulin-tiv thaiv cov ntshav qab zib ntau thiab ib qho zoo sib xws yog qhov txaus ntshai nyob ze rau insulin dependence. Cov no yog cov lej loj heev, uas tau lees paub los ntawm qhov teev ntawm kev noj ntawm cov khoom cua.

Kev noj qab zib ntau dhau heev lawm, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov dej qab zib, cov carbohydrates ceev, tshee tib neeg cov metabolism, ua rau kev txhim kho kev ua kom tsis muaj zog thiab kab mob. Txhua xyoo, cov naj npawb ntawm cov neeg muaj insulin uas xav tau cov exogenous ntawm cov tshuaj hormone ntau dua vim tias lawv muaj kev tiv thaiv mus rau lub ntuj.