Vasobral

Dihydrogenated derivative ergot stimulates serotonin thiab dopamine receptors nyob rau hauv nruab nrab lub paj hlwb los ntawm kev thaiv adrenoreceptors (alpha1-, alpha2-) hauv cov leeg hlwb pob txha mos. Tom qab ob peb koob tshuaj, sib sau ua ke cov ntshav liab thiab platelet suav ho txo ​​kom tsawg. Cov txheej txheem metabolic thiab cov ntshav kev hauv lub hlwb txhim kho. Cov nqaij hauv lub hlwb ua ntau dua tiv taus hypoxia.

CNS kev ua tiav tiav feem ntau vim muaj caffeine, uas kuj cuam tshuam cov vasomotor thiab cov chaw ua pa, nrog rau lub hlwb cortex. Lub siab ua haujlwm poob qis poob qis, ua haujlwm nce.

3D duab

Cov Tshuaj Hauv Tshuaj

α-Dihydroergocriptine yog ib qho dihydrogenated ergot derivative uas thaiv α₁- thiab α₂-adrenoreceptors. Nws muaj lub dopaminergic, serotonergic effect, txo cov platelet thiab erythrocyte kev sib sau ua ke, txo cov permeability ntawm phab ntsa vascular, nce tus naj npawb ntawm kev ua haujlwm capillaries, txhim kho ntshav ncig thiab cov txheej txheem nyob rau hauv lub hlwb, thiab nce qhov tsis kam ntawm lub hlwb nqaij mus rau hypoxia.

Caffeine muaj cov hlwb psychostimulating thiab analeptic, txhim kho cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua kom zoo siab rau hauv lub hlwb cortex, nce kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab lub cev, txo kev qaug zog thiab nkees, nce qhov reflex ua haujlwm ntawm tus txha caj qaum, txhawb kev ua pa thiab vasomotor chaw, thiab muaj cov diuretic nyhuv.

Sab sij huam

Qhov ntau zaus ntawm kev tshwm sim ntawm qhov tshwm sim tsis zoo / qhov tshwm sim tsis zoo thaum noj cov tshuaj tau nthuav tawm raws li kev paub qib hauv qab no (WHO kev faib tawm): feem ntau ≥10%, feem ntau ≥ 1 thiab mob plab hnyuv: xeev siab muaj peev xwm ua tau (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum noj cov tshuaj rau ntawm lub plab khoob), gastralgia, dyspepsia, nrog cov kev sib tw no, kev tshem tawm tshuaj tsis tas yuav tsum tau.

Ntawm lub plawv: tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim - tachycardia, txo qis ntshav siab, mob plawv (nrog rau cov teeb meem nrog cov ntshav tawm) thiab cov mob cuam tshuam nrog lawv (pericarditis, effusion mus rau hauv qhov kab mob pericardial).

Los ntawm lub paj hlwb: tsis tshua muaj - kiv taub hau, ntxhov siab, mob taub hau.

Los ntawm lub nruab zog: tsawg kawg - kev ua xua tshwm sim.

Cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb

Vazobral muaj cov vasodilating siv, tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam cov ntshav siab hauv lub cev. Vazobral lub sijhawm teem rau cov neeg mob ntshav siab tsis cais tawm qhov xav tau ntawm kev siv tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob siab. Cov khoom qab zib uas muaj nyob hauv qhov kev npaj yuav ua rau pw tsaug zog, tachycardia.

Kev yoo mov yuav tsum zam. Hauv cov neeg mob noj cov dihydroergocriptine, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov koob tshuaj siab thiab ntev ntev, kev txhim kho ntawm effusion mus rau hauv qhov ua kom mob pericardial thiab pleural kab noj hniav, nrog rau kev txhim kho ntawm pleural thiab mob ntsws fibrosis thiab tiv thaiv pericarditis, qee zaum tau tshaj tawm.

Cov neeg mob uas tsis tuaj yeem hais txog lub cev muaj peev xwm yuav tsum tau kuaj xyuas thiab txiav txuas nrog kev kho mob nrog dihydroergocriptine yuav tsum raug txiav txim siab. Cov teeb meem tsis tshua muaj neeg ntawm retroperitoneal fibrosis tau tshaj tawm, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog siv cov koob tshuaj siab thiab kho mob ntev nrog dihydroergocriptine.

Txhawm rau kuaj tus mob retroperitoneal fibrosis ntawm kev rov ua dua, cov neeg mob no yuav tsum tau soj ntsuam tsis tu ncua rau cov kev kho mob ntawm kev txhim kho ntawm retroperitoneal fibrosis (mob nraub qaum, o ntawm qis qis, raum tsis ua haujlwm). Thaum kuaj pom lossis xav tias tsam cov hlab ntsha hloov pauv hauv qhov chaw retroperitoneal, kev kho mob nrog dihydroergocriptine yuav tsum tsis ua ntxiv.

Cov neeg ncaws pob yuav tsum tau ceeb toom tias cov tshuaj no muaj cov tshuaj uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam hauv kev tshuaj ntsuam thaum lub sijhawm tswj cov tshuaj doping.

Kev cuam tshuam rau lub peev xwm ntawm kev tsav tsheb thiab koom nrog hauv lwm yam kev phom sij uas yuav muaj kev phom sijCov. Cov tshuaj hauv cov qee yam tsawg kawg tuaj yeem ua rau txo ntshav siab, kiv taub hau. Thaum cov kev mob tshwm sim no tshwm sim, tsav tsheb los yog ua nrog rau lwm cov kev phom sij uas muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog.

Chaw tsim tshuaj paus

Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A. Via Palermo 26 / A, 43100 Parma, Ltalis Cov Khoom Siv Chiesi S.p.A. Ntawm Palermo 26 / A, 43100 Parma, Ltalis.

Tus tswv ntawm daim ntawv pov thawj rau npe: LLC "Chiesi Cov Tshuaj", Russia, 127055, Moscow, ul. Hav Zoov, 43.

Xov Tooj (495) 967-12-12, fax: (495) 967-12-11.

Ntim khoom thiab ntim khoom: Pharmstandard-Leksredstva OJSC, Russia.

Kev thov cov neeg tau txais kev pab yuav tsum tau xa mus rau qhov chaw nyob: 305022, Russia, Kursk, ul. Thib 2 Thib Ib, 1a / 18,

Tel./fax: (4712) 34-03-13,

Kev ntsuas rau kev siv vazobral

• txo cov xim
• kev tsim khoom tsis txaus ntawm lub cev kom ua haujlwm tsim lub cev thiab lub hlwb,
• Meniere's disease,
• hypertonic thiab / lossis uas yog kuaj ntshav qab zib,
• qaug dab peg migraines (tsis nyob rau theem siab heev)
• venous tsis txaus,
• labyrinth thiab vestibular mob,
• cerebrovascular tsis txaus.

Kev phiv los ntawm kev siv vazobral

• Los ntawm ib sab ntawm lub hauv nruab nrab lub paj hlwb (tsis ntau dua 1%): ntxhov siab, mob hauv taub hau, kiv taub hau.
• Los ntawm cov hlab plawv (tsis ntau dua 0.1%): arterial hypotension, palpitations.
• Los ntawm cov txheej txheem plab (tsis ntau dua 1%): dyspepsia, xeev siabmob hauv epigastric.

Cov lus qhia rau siv Vazobrala

0.5-1 ntsiav tshuaj Vazobraly ib hnub ob zaug lossis 2-4 ml ntawm cov daws ob zaug ib hnub. Txoj kev kawm no kav rau 2-3 lub hlis. Yog tias tsim nyog, kev txuas mus ntxiv kom tau yog kev pom zoo ntawm tus kws kho mob.

Nws raug nquahu kom siv vazobral nrog zaub mov. Cov ntsiav tshuaj tau ntxuav nrog ib qho me me ntawm cov dej. Kev daws yog diluted nrog ib qho me me ntawm dej, thiab tom qab ntawd noj los ntawm qhov ncauj.

Cov lus qhia rau kev siv tshuaj los ntawm cov menyuam yaus tsis tau muab, txij li cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw uas nyob hauv kev npaj tsis tau pom zoo siv rau cov menyuam yaus, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov menyuam yaus.

Kev cuam tshuam nrog lwm yam tshuaj

Kev siv cov tshuaj nrog cov tshuaj kom txo qis ntshav siab muaj peev xwm tsim tawm hypotonic ntsoogmus txog tsaus muag.

Thaum lub sij hawm noj chav kawm ntawm cov tshuaj nrog levodopa muaj peev xwm mob plab, o, npawskiv kiv thiab tsis nco qab.

Ua ke nrog cov tshuaj tsaug zog thiab qee yam ua kom poob, Vazobral ua rau lub cev tsis muaj zog ntawm cov tshuaj tsaug zog vim tias cov tshuaj muaj hlwb hlwb (tshuaj qab zib).

Analogs Vazobrala

Raws li cov pab pawg pharmacological: Vazobral muaj ntau dua 3 tshuaj analogues hauv pawg pharmacological, suav nrog: Amilonosar, Lub Neej Tawg Rog, Vertisin, Ginkome, Pob tawb, Nimotop, Picamolone, Stugeron, Telektol, CelllexCov. Analogues ntawm cov tshuaj rau tsawg dua lossis tseem ceeb, nyob ntawm lub npe, qhia cov nyhuv ntawm Vazobral.

Tus nqi ntawm analogues ntawm cov tshuaj tuaj yeem sib txawv raws li lub npe ntawm cov tshuaj.

Cawv tau zoo

Zoo li feem ntau cov tshuaj, sib tov haus cawv uas muaj Vazobral muaj qhov ua rau tsis zoo rau tib neeg lub cev thiab kev nyob zoo. Hauv kev npaj tshuaj muaj roj thaum tov nrog cawv, nws tuaj yeem ua rau ntxhov siab tam sim ntawd, xeev siab, tachycardia, insomnia thiab kev fab tshuaj tiv thaiv.

Qhov laj thawj rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov tshwm sim tsis zoo yog vim qhov tseeb tias caffeine ntxiv cov nyhuv cawv ntawm lub cev, ua rau nrawm nrawm thiab ua rau qaug cawv. Nrog kev tsis tu ncua thiab tas nrho tsis saib xyuas cov cai ntawm kev siv tshuaj hauv qee kis, qhov tshwm sim ntawm tawg kev kub ntxhov.

Kev siv tshuaj noj thaum cev xeeb tub

Cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj pov thawj pov thawj hais txog kev cuam tshuam ntawm Vazobral ntawm tus me nyuam tseem tsis tau raug tsim. Hauv qhov no, nws tsis raug nquahu kom siv cov tshuaj thaum cev xeeb tub. Thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev thiab nrog kev pom zoo los ntawm tus kws kho mob tshwj xeeb, tuaj yeem siv Vazobral ua kev kho rau cov poj niam cev xeeb tub.

Kev txheeb xyuas ntawm Vazobral

Ntau cov kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm cov chaw sib tham hauv Is Taws Nem ib puag ncig qhia tau tias cov tshuaj no nrov heev ntawm cov neeg siv ntau leej, feem ntau, kev coj ua yam ntxwv zoo. Cov lus qhia rau kev siv tshuaj, tshwj xeeb, tsis muaj kev saib xyuas, tawg thiab lub cev / hlwb tsis zoo, tshwm sim hauv coob tus neeg. Vazobral zoo heev kov nrog nws lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb - nce lub suab thiab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm tus neeg mob tau kho.

Kev siv vazobral yam tsis xav tau thaum coj los ntawm cov menyuam yaus. Cov lus tawm tswv yim los ntawm niam txiv hauv cov kis no yog ob qho zoo thiab tsis zoo. Qee qhov ntsuas ntawm cov tshuaj ua rau pom qhov zoo sib xws ntawm tib neeg lub cev, tab sis lawv cov tsos mob thiab cim qhia rau kev siv feem ntau sib txawv.

Tso tawm daim ntawv thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg

Vazobral muaj nyob hauv cov ntawv hauv qab no:

• Hloov, tiaj tus ntsiav tshuajCov. Cov npoo yuav sawv. Cov xim yog dawb. Ntawm sab xub ntiag ntawm cov ntsiav tshuaj nyob ntawm qhov pheej hmoo, ntawm sab nraub qaum yog lub npe ntawm cov tshuaj hauv Latin (Vasobral). Muaj 10 lub tshuaj nyob hauv lub hlwv. Ib thiab peb lub hlwv hauv pob.
• Ncos cov thawj coj ntawm qhov ncauj. Kev daws: 50 ml.

Rau ib ntsiav tshuaj ntawm cov tshuaj nquag: 40 mg tshuaj muaj roj thiab 4 mg alpha dihydroergocriptine mesylate.

Rau 1 milliliter ntawm kev daws ntawm cov tshuaj nquag: 1 mg ntawm caffeine, 1 mg ntawm alpha-dihydroergocriptine mesylate. Ntu Cheebtsam: dej lim, ethanolcitric acid.

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm Pharmacological

Cov tshuaj ua ke. α-dihydroergocriptine yog dihydrogenated ergot derivative uas thaiv blocks1 thiab α2 adrenergic receptors.

Nws muaj lub dopaminergic, serotonergic effect, txo cov platelet thiab erythrocyte kev sib sau ua ke, txo cov permeability ntawm phab ntsa vascular, nce tus naj npawb ntawm kev ua haujlwm capillaries, txhim kho ntshav ncig thiab cov txheej txheem nyob rau hauv lub hlwb, thiab nce qhov tsis kam ntawm lub hlwb nqaij mus rau hypoxia.

Caffeine muaj cov hlwb psychostimulating thiab analeptic, txhim kho cov txheej txheem ntawm kev zoo siab nyob rau hauv lub cerebral cortex - nce kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab lub cev ua haujlwm, txo kev qaug zog thiab nkees nkees, nce lub siab reflex ntawm tus txha caj qaum, txhawb kev ua pa thiab vasomotor chaw, thiab muaj cov diuretic nyhuv.

Vim li cas thiaj yog vazobral tshuaj?

Raws li cov lus qhia, Vazobral hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov ntsiav tshuaj thiab cov tee yog tshuaj rau cov neeg mob rau kev kho thiab tiv thaiv ntawm cov xwm txheej zoo li no:

• Lub cev tsis ua haujlwm hauv cov hlab ntsha, vim tias cov pa oxygen tsawg thiab cov khoom noj muaj zog nkag mus rau lub hlwb (feem ntau cov mob no tshwm sim los ntawm kev mob atherosclerosis),
• Kev ua txhaum ntawm lub vestibular apparatus - lub suab nrov thiab tinnitus, kiv taub hau, hnov ​​pob ntseg,
• Retinopathy vim pheej nce ntshav siab los yog ntshav qab zib mellitus,
• Venous tsis txaus
• Raynaud's disease
• Lub sijhawm rov ua kom zoo dua tom qab ischemic mob nkees,
• Meniere tus kab mob,
• Tsawg kev saib xyuas qis, nkees thiab nco qab vim qhov ua kom cov pa oxygen thiab cov piam thaj tsis txaus rau lub hlwb.

Cov tshuaj no tseem tau sau tseg rau tus neeg mob ua ib qho kev tiv thaiv tsis haum rau kev mob taub hau.

Qhia kev kho mob rau siv

Vazobral noj ob zaug ib hnub rau 0.5-1 ntsiav tshuaj lossis 2-4 ml ntawm cov tshuaj. Txoj kev kawm no kav rau 2-3 lub hlis. Yog tias tsim nyog, kev txuas mus ntxiv kom tau yog kev pom zoo ntawm tus kws kho mob.

Nws raug nquahu kom siv vazobral nrog zaub mov. Cov ntsiav tshuaj tau ntxuav nrog ib qho me me ntawm cov dej. Kev daws yog diluted nrog ib qho me me ntawm dej, thiab tom qab ntawd noj los ntawm qhov ncauj.

Cov Yuav Tsum Muaj

• Hypersensitivity rau lub zog yam ntawm cov tshuaj.
• Thaum cev xeeb tub (txij li cov nyhuv ntawm tus me nyuam hauv tshuaj thiab nws txoj kev nyab xeeb tsis tau pom tseeb).
• Nrog kev ceev faj thaum pub niam mis (muaj pov thawj tias cov tshuaj ua rau txo qis kev tsim cov kua mis).

Phiv thiab haus tshaj

Raws li txoj cai, cov tshuaj Vazobral raug pom zoo los ntawm cov neeg mob feem ntau. Txawm li cas los xij, zoo li ib yam tshuaj twg, nws tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev tsis zoo ntawm lub cev. Ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm qhov tshwm sim tsis zoo tshwm sim feem ntau yog rau cov neeg mob lub cev tsis muaj lub siab ntev.

Cov kev mob tshwm sim pom nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev ua txhaum ntawm qee lub nruab nrog thiab hauv nruab nrog cev:

• Kev mob ntawm lub plab zom mov: xeev siab (nthuav qhia tshwj xeeb tshaj yog qhia thaum noj tshuaj rau ntawm plab tsis muaj dab tsi), lub plab zom mov, thiab lub plab zom mov nyuaj. Cov tsos mob feem ntau yog mus rau lawv tus kheej, yuav tsum tsis txhob tsum.
• Los ntawm CCC: nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej tsawg - tachycardia, txo qis ntshav siab, mob plawv tsis txaus (suav nrog pathology nrog regurgitation (thim rov qab tam sim no) ntawm cov ntshav) thiab cov mob cuam tshuam (mob rau ntawm cov leeg ntshav ntawm lub siab, effusion hauv pericardium).
• NS: hauv qee cov neeg mob - kiv taub hau, ntxhov siab ntxhov siab, mob taub hau.
• Kev tiv thaiv kab mob: hauv tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov neeg mob rhiab, qhov tshwm sim tsis haum.

Yog tias cov no lossis lwm cov tsos mob tsis txaus ntseeg tshwm sim, koj yuav tsum hu rau koj tus kws kho mob tshwj xeeb kom sib txuas ntxiv ntawm kev kho mob.

Kev noj tshuaj ntau dhau ntawm Vazobral tuaj yeem ua rau lub cev dhau ntawm lub cev nrog tshuaj. Nws manifests nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm nce phiv.

Txhawm rau kom tshem tawm ntau dhau, kev ntsuas raug coj mus ntxuav lub cev ntawm cov tshuaj seem, kev kho mob cov tsos mob tau kho.

Siv thaum cev xeeb tub thiab lactation

Hauv cov tshuaj, tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv qhia tseeb txog kev nyab xeeb ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuaj ntawm cov menyuam hauv plab, yog li nyob rau thawj peb lub hlis thaum cev xeeb tub, Vazobral ntsiav tshuaj tsis tau sau rau kev kho mob rau cov poj niam.

Hauv kev cuam tshuam thib ob thiab thib peb, kev kho nrog kev kho mob no muaj peev xwm ua tau yog thaum muaj kev cia siab rau cov niam uas tseem yuav muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua li qhov muaj peev xwm ua rau tus me nyuam hauv plab. Tus poj niam uas noj cov tshuaj no yuav tsum tau saib xyuas los ntawm tus kws kho mob tas li thiab nrog kev txhim kho cov kev mob tshwm sim tsis zoo lossis kev phiv tshuaj, ncua kev kho mob.

Kev siv cov Vazobral thaum lub sijhawm pub mis niam raws li kev tshawb fawb tau ua rau kev txo qis hauv cov kua mis ntau hauv cov poj niam.

Yuav coj menyuam li cas?

Cov lus qhia rau kev siv tsis tau muab rau cov menyuam yaus ua yeeb tshuaj, vim tias cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw uas nyob hauv kev npaj tsis tau pom zoo siv rau cov menyuam yaus, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov menyuam yaus.

Kev kho cov kab mob cerebrovascular muaj xws li kuaj pom muaj:

1. Amilonosar,
2. Bilobil
3. Bilobil Forte
4. Lub Neej Tawg Rog
5. Rho tawm
6. Vero Vinpocetine,
7. Vertisin
8. Vertisin Forte,
9. Winkamine,
10. Winpoton
11. Vinpocetine,
12. Vinpocetine forte,
13. Vincetin
14. Vitrum Memori,
15. Gingium
16. Ginkgo Biloba,
17. Ginkio
18. Ginkome,
19. Ginos
20. Dilceren
21. Pob tawb
22. Cavinton tote
23. Kev tsis meej pem
24. Xanthinol Nicotinate,
25. Nilogrin
26. Nimopin
27. Nimotop,
28. Nicergoline,
29. Oxybral
30. Picamilon
31. Picanoyl
32. Pikogam
33. Sermion,
34. Stugeron
35. Tsawm Yaj
36. Telektol,
37. Celllex
38. Cinedil
39. Cinnarizine,
40. Xinesmas
41. Xinesmas.

Thaum xaiv cov tshuaj analogues, nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias cov lus qhia rau kev siv Vazobral, tus nqi thiab tshuaj xyuas cov tshuaj nrog cov teebmeem zoo sib xws tsis siv. Kev hloov cov tshuaj yog tso cai tsuas yog tom qab kev pom zoo los ntawm kws kho mob.

Vazobral nrog cawv

Zoo li feem ntau cov tshuaj, sib tov haus cawv uas muaj Vazobral muaj qhov ua rau tsis zoo rau tib neeg lub cev thiab kev nyob zoo. Hauv kev npaj tshuaj muaj rojthaum tov nrog cawv, nws tuaj yeem ua rau ntxhov siab tam sim ntawd, xeev siab, tachycardia, insomnia thiab kev fab tshuaj tiv thaiv.

Qhov laj thawj rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov tshwm sim tsis zoo yog vim qhov tseeb tias caffeine ntxiv cov nyhuv cawv ntawm lub cev, ua rau nrawm nrawm thiab ua rau qaug cawv. Nrog kev tsis tu ncua thiab tas nrho tsis saib xyuas cov cai ntawm kev siv tshuaj hauv qee kis, qhov tshwm sim ntawm tawg kev kub ntxhov.

Yeeb tshuaj sib cuam tshuam

Lub sijhawm Vasobral, nws yuav tsum tau yug los rau hauv lub siab tias cov tshuaj tsis tsim nyog los ua ke nrog cov tshuaj nrog cov nyhuv antihypertensive, vim tias qhov kev sib koom ua ke no tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam thiab tshwm sim ntawm hypotension arterial.

Vazobral ntsiav tshuaj yog qhov tsis xav noj thaum tib lub sijhawm pw tsaug zog tshuaj ntsiav thiab cov tshuaj pleev xim tsis muaj zog, vim tias cov caffeine muaj nyob hauv cov ntsiav tshuaj txo lawv cov sedative thiab analgesic effect.

Nws raug nquahu kom tsis txhob sib koom ua ke ntawm kev siv tshuaj nrog cov tshuaj muaj levodopa, txij li kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm ntau yam tshuaj provokes qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov mob ntawm lub plab, kev txhim kho kub taub hau, o, mob tob hau. Kuj, poob ntawm kev nco qab yog tsis suav nrog.

Cov kev rov xyuas dua tham txog dab tsi?

Cov kev txheeb xyuas ntau yam qhia tau hais tias cov tshuaj no nrov heev ntawm cov neeg siv ntau leej, feem ntau, qhov zoo ntawm cov tshuaj. Cov lus qhia rau kev siv tshuaj, tshwj xeeb, tsis muaj kev saib xyuas, cuam tshuam thiab lub cev / lub hlwb tsis zoo, tshwm sim hauv coob tus neeg. Vazobral zoo heev kov nrog nws lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb - nce lub suab thiab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm tus neeg mob tau kho.

Kev siv vazobral yam tsis xav tau thaum coj los ntawm cov menyuam yaus. Cov lus tawm tswv yim los ntawm niam txiv hauv cov kis no yog ob qho zoo thiab tsis zoo.