Qhov sib txawv ntawm insulin thiab glucagon

Glucagon thiab insulin yog cov tshuaj tua kab mob pancreatic. Txoj haujlwm ntawm tag nrho cov tshuaj hormones yog txoj cai ntawm cov metabolism hauv lub cev. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm insulin thiab glucagon yog los muab lub cev nrog lub zog ntawm cov zaub mov tom qab noj mov thiab thaum yoo mov. Tom qab noj mov, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los xyuas kom meej qhov ntws ntawm cov piam thaj mus rau hauv lub hlwb thiab kev khaws cia ntawm nws qhov tshaj. Thaum yoo mov - txhawm rau muab cov kua nplaum tawm ntawm cov peev txheej (glycogen) lossis coj los ua ke nws lossis lwm yam khoom siv lub zog cia.

Nws ntseeg tau dav dav tias insulin thiab glucagon zom zom tau carbohydrates. Qhov no tsis muaj tseeb. Cov enzymes zom cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw. Cov tshuaj hormones tswj cov txheej txheem no.

Synthesis ntawm glucagon thiab insulin

Cov tshuaj hormones yog ua nyob rau hauv cov qog endocrine. Cov tshuaj insulin thiab glucagon - hauv cov txiav: cov kua dej hauv insulin hauv cells-hlwb, glucagon - hauv α-hlwb ntawm cov islets ntawm Langerhans. Ob qho tshuaj hormones yog protein nyob rau hauv qhov thiab raug tsim los ntawm kev sib txig ua ntej. Cov tshuaj insulin thiab glucagon tsis pub leejtwg pom nyob hauv cov kev mob rov qab: insulin rau hyperglycemia, glucagon rau cov ntshav qog ntshav qab zib. Ib nrab-lub neej ntawm cov tshuaj insulin yog 3-4 feeb, nws qhov tso pa tawm tsis tu ncua ua kom muaj kev saib xyuas ntawm cov ntshav qabzib nyob hauv lub sijhawm txwv.

Cov tshuaj insulin

Cov tshuaj Insulin tswj cov metabolism hauv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov piam thaj. Nws cuam tshuam rau daim nyias nyias thiab cov txheej txheem intracellular.

Membrane cuam tshuam los ntawm cov tshuaj insulin:

• txhawb kev thauj ntawm cov piam thaj thiab tus lej ntawm lwm lub monosaccharides,
• txhawb kev thauj ntawm cov amino acids (feem ntau arginine),
• txhawb kev thauj ntawm fatty acids,
• txhawb kev nqus ntawm cov poov tshuaj thiab magnesium ions los ntawm lub cell.

Cov tshuaj insulin muaj cov teebmeem hauv intracellular:

• stimulates cov synthesis ntawm DNA thiab RNA,
• stimulates synthesis protein,
• txhim kho kev tsa ntawm enzyme glycogen synthase (muab cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm glycogen los ntawm cov piam thaj - glycogenesis),
• stimulates glucokinase (ib qho enzyme uas txhawb qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov piam thaj rau glycogen hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm nws ntau dhau),,
• inhibits glucose-6-phosphatase (ib qho enzyme uas catalyzes qhov hloov pauv ntawm cov piam thaj-6-phosphate kom tsis muaj piam thaj thiab, raws li, nce ntshav qab zib),
• stimulates lipogenesis,
• inhibits lipolysis (vim yog kev thaiv ntawm cAMP hluavtaws),
• stimulates lub synthesis ntawm fatty acids,
• activates Na + / K + -ATPase.

Lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov kua dej hauv kev thauj mus rau cov ntshav

Cov kua nplaum nkag mus rau hauv cov cell uas siv cov kis tshwj xeeb thauj khoom (GLUT). Ntau Cov GLUTs yog laus hauv cov hlwb txawv. Nyob rau hauv daim nyias nyias ntawm cov pob txha thiab cov leeg mob ntawm cov leeg, cov ntaub so ntswg adipose, cov qe ntshav dawb, thiab lub raum cortex, cov kab mob insulin-thauj cov neeg ua haujlwm GLUT4. Cov tshuaj insulin hauv cov qog ua pa ntawm cov hlab ntsha nruab nrab thiab cov qe ntshav hauv lub siab tsis yog cov tshuaj insulin ywj siab, yog li ntawd, kev muab cov piam thaj rau cov hlwb ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg no tsuas yog nyob ntawm nws cov concentration hauv cov ntshav. Cov kua nplaum nkag mus rau lub hlwb ntawm ob lub raum, plab hnyuv, thiab ntshav liab uas tsis muaj tus kab mob txhua lub sijhawm, los ntawm kev hla dhau. Yog li, cov tshuaj insulin yog qhov tsim nyog rau cov piam thaj nkag mus rau hauv lub hlwb ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg adipose, cov leeg pob txha thiab cov leeg plawv. Nrog lub cev tsis muaj cov tshuaj insulin, tsuas yog muaj qee cov piam thaj yuav poob rau hauv lub hlwb ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg no, tsis txaus ntseeg kom lawv cov kev xav tau cov metabolism, txawm hais tias nyob rau hauv qhov kev mob siab ntawm cov piam thaj hauv ntshav (hyperglycemia).

Lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov tshuaj insulin hauv cov metabolism hauv qabzib

Cov tshuaj insulin ua rau cov ntshav qabzib siv, nrog rau ntau yam txheej txheem.

1. Nce glycogen synthase kev ua haujlwm hauv cov qog hlwb, txhawb lub zog ntawm glycogen los ntawm cov kua nplaum.
2. Nce glucokinase kev ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv daim siab, txhawb lub ntsej muag phosphorylation nrog kev tsim cov piam thaj-6-phosphate, uas "xauv" cov piam thaj hauv lub cell, vim nws tsis tuaj yeem hla daim nyias nyias los ntawm lub cell mus rau qhov chaw sib kis.
3. Txwv tsis pub lub siab phosphatase, hloov pauv qhov rov qab hloov pauv ntawm cov piam thaj-6-phosphate kom tsis muaj piam thaj.

Tag nrho cov txheej txheem no kom ntseeg tau tias qhov nqus ntawm cov piam thaj los ntawm cov kab mob ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg thiab ib qho kev txo qis hauv nws cov synthesis, uas ua rau txo qis hauv cov concentration ntawm cov piam thaj hauv cov ntshav. Ib qho ntxiv, kev siv ntshav qabzib ntau ntxiv los ntawm cov hlwb tau khaws cia lwm yam ntawm lub zog qis rau hauv lub cev - cov rog thiab cov protein.

Lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov kua dej hauv cov metabolism hauv protein

Cov tshuaj Insulin txhawb nqa ob qho tib si kev thauj cov amino acids dawb rau hauv cov hlwb thiab cov synthesis ntawm protein hauv lawv. Protein synthesis cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ua ob txoj kev:

• vim kev ua haujlwm ntawm mRNA,
• los ntawm kev ua kom cov ndlwg ntawm cov amino acids rau hauv lub cell.

Tsis tas li ntawd, raws li tau hais los saum no, kev siv cov piam thaj ntau ntxiv rau hauv lub zog cia hauv lub cev ua rau lub cev zom zaws ua kom cov protein tsis txaus, uas ua rau cov khw muag khoom noj protein nce ntxiv. Vim cov nyhuv no, insulin koom nrog hauv kev tswj hwm ntawm kev txhim kho thiab kev loj hlob ntawm lub cev.

Lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov kua dej hauv cov rog rog

Membrane thiab mob siab ntawm insulin ua rau kev nce hauv cov khw muag khoom noj rog hauv adipose nqaij thiab nplooj siab.

1. Cov tshuaj insulin muab kev nkag mus ntawm cov piam thaj mus rau hauv lub hlwb ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg adipose thiab txhawb nws cov oxidation hauv lawv.
2. Pab txhawb tsim cov lipoprotein lipase hauv hlwb endothelial. Hom lipase ferments no lub hydrolysis ntawm triacylglycerols cuam tshuam nrog cov ntshav lipoproteins thiab ua kom tau txais qhov tau txais ntawm cov roj fatty acids hauv cov hlwb ntawm adipose ntaub so ntswg.
3. Nws inhibits lipoprotein lipase intracellular, yog li inhibiting lipolysis hauv hlwb.

Tus qauv ntawm cov tshuaj insulin:

Cov tshuaj insulin yog tsim los ntawm cov amino acids thiab muaj ob txoj saw hlau, hu ua saw A thiab B-saw, uas yog sib koom ua ke siv cov leej faj leej faj. Cov tshuaj insulin yog tsim los ntawm cov tshuaj insulin uas ua tau muaj peb amino chains. Lub enzyme hloov kho cov tshuaj hormones hauv txoj kev uas tsuas yog cov saw A thiab B nyob twj ywm rau kev tsim cov tshuaj insulin.

Kev zais zais:

Insulin secretion feem ntau yog los ntawm ntshav qab zib cov ntshav ntau heev (hyperglycemia) hauv cov hlab ntshav cov ntshav. Qee hom fatty acids, keto acids, thiab amino acids kuj tseem tuaj yeem ua cov insulin secretion. Thaum cov ntshav qab zib cov ntshav qab zib tsawg zuj zus, vim li ntawd cov insulin tsawg zuj zus, ua kom cov insulin tsis pub leej twg paub txog yog tias tsim nyog.

Qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev zais:

Cov tshuaj insulin cuam tshuam qhov nqus ntawm cov piam thaj hauv adipose nqaij (adipose ntaub so ntswg) thiab txhawb kev nqus ntawm cov roj ntsha. Cov tshuaj Insulin kuj tseem txhawb nqa lub nqus ntawm cov piam thaj hauv lub siab thiab cov leeg. Hauv cov leeg nqaij thiab cov mob siab ua haujlwm, qabzib hloov mus rau glycogen thaum glycogenesis. Glycogen yog li cas cov suab thaj nyob hauv tib neeg lub cev. Cov tshuaj ntshav nres nres qhov kev puas tsuaj ntawm glycogen hauv daim siab thiab nres qhov tsim thiab tso cov piam thaj hauv cov ntshav. Cov tshuaj insulin ua rau lub nqus ntawm cov piam thaj hauv cov ntaub so ntswg thiab, yog li, ua rau cov ntshav qab zib tsawg dua.

Ntshav qab zib yog ib yam mob uas muaj teeb meem cuam tshuam nrog insulin. Ntawm hom ntshav qab zib hom 1, insulin tsis tso tawm, thiab hauv ntshav qab zib hom 2, insulin tsis raug tso tawm, tab sis cov cell tsis muaj tshuaj lom rau insulin lawm. Tus mob ntshav qab zib tej zaum yuav tau txhaj tshuaj insulin los pab them nyiaj rau qhov tsis txaus rau insulin.

Kev Ua Yeeb Yam Glucagon

Glucagon cuam tshuam txog kev zom cov carbohydrate, protein thiab rog. Peb tuaj yeem hais tias glucagon yog tus insulin antagonist ntawm nws cov teebmeem. Qhov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm glucagon yog qhov nce ntxiv ntawm cov ntshav qabzib. Nws yog glucagon uas ua kom muaj kev saib xyuas ntawm theem xav tau ntawm lub zog hauv av - cov piam thaj, cov protein thiab cov rog hauv cov ntshav thaum yoo mov.

1. Lub luag haujlwm ntawm glucagon hauv cov khoom noj metabolism.

Muab cov piam thaj ua ke los ntawm:

• nce glycogenolysis (tawg ntawm glycogen rau piam thaj) hauv daim siab,
• intensification ntawm gluconeogenesis (synthesis ntawm qabzib los ntawm cov khoom noj ua ntej tsis-carbohydrate) hauv lub siab.

2. Lub luag haujlwm ntawm glucagon hauv protein metabolism.

Cov tshuaj hormone stimulates thauj ntawm glucagon amino acids mus rau lub siab, uas ua rau lub siab ua haujlwm:

• protein ua kom sib haum
• piam thaj synthesis los ntawm amino acids - gluconeogenesis.

3. Lub luag haujlwm ntawm glucagon hauv cov rog rog.

Cov tshuaj hormone ua rau lub lipase ua rau cov nqaij mos adipose, uas ua rau cov roj ntsha thiab glycerin ntau ntxiv hauv cov ntshav. Qhov kawg no ua rau kev nce ntxiv hauv cov ntshav qabzib:

• glycerin ua cov txheej txheem tsis muaj carbohydrate muaj nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm gluconeogenesis - suab thaj tso ua ke,
• fatty acids uas hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv lub cev ketone, uas yog siv los ua lub zog hluav taws xob, uas khaws cov piam thaj nyob rau hauv.

Tshuaj insulin thiab glucagon yog dab tsi?

Cov tshuaj insulin yog protein. Nws yog tsim los ntawm b-hlwb ntawm lub caj pas, nws yog suav tias yog thawj hauv qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov tshuaj anabolic.

Glucagon yog polypeptide hormone antagonist ntawm insulin. Nws yog tsim los ntawm-hlwb ntawm lub txiav thiab ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb - nws ua kom muaj kev siv hluav taws xob thaum lub cev xav tau nws feem ntau. Nws muaj cov nyhuv catabolic.

Cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm insulin thiab glucagon

Cov tshuaj hormones ob leeg yog zais cia los ntawm tus txiav kom tswj cov metabolism. Nov yog lawv zoo li cas:

• teb tau sai rau kev hloov pauv hauv qab zib, cov tshuaj insulin yog tsim nrog nce ntxiv, thiab glucagon - nrog rau qhov txo qis,
• tshuaj txuam nrog lipid metabolism: insulin stimulates, thiab glucagon tawg zom zaws, tig cov rog ua kom lub zog,
• koom nrog cov metabolism hauv cov protein: glucagon thaiv qhov kev nqus ntawm cov amino acids los ntawm lub cev, thiab insulin ceev cov synthesis ntawm cov tshuaj.

Qhov txiav ua tiav lwm yam tshuaj hormones, tab sis kev tsis txaus ntawm qhov sib npaug ntawm cov tshuaj no tshwm sim ntau dua.

Cov lus qhia meej meej qhia cov ncauj lus sib luag hauv txoj kev cai ntawm cov txheej txheem hauv metabolic los ntawm cov tshuaj hormones.

Qhov sib piv ntawm cov tshuaj hormones hauv lub cev

Kev koom tes hauv cov metabolism hauv ob qhov tshuaj hormones yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qib siab ntawm lub zog tau los ntawm kev tsim thiab hlawv ntawm ntau yam.

Kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuaj hormones yog hu ua insulin glucagon index. Nws muab rau tag nrho cov khoom lag luam thiab txhais tau tias lub cev yuav tau txais qhov txiaj ntsig - lub zog lossis cov rog rog.

Yog tias qhov ntsuas qis qis (nrog rau qhov ntsuas ntawm glucagon), tom qab ntawd nrog kev tawg ntawm cov khoom noj feem ntau, feem ntau ntawm lawv yuav mus rau qhov hloov pauv lub zog qub. Yog tias cov khoom noj txhawb qhov tsim tawm ntawm insulin, ces nws yuav muab tso rau hauv cov rog.

Yog tias ib tug neeg ua txhaum cov khoom muaj protein lossis carbohydrates, ces qhov no ua rau txo qis mob hauv ib qho ntawm qhov ntsuas. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, cov teeb meem metabolic pib.

Sib txawv carbohydrates zom:

• yooj yim (qab zib, ua kom zoo zoo rau hmoov) - nrawm rau hauv cov hlab ntshav thiab ua rau muaj zog tawm ntawm insulin,
• complex (tag nrho cov hmoov nplej, cereals) - maj mam nce insulin.

Glycemic index (GI) - muaj peev xwm ntawm cov khoom cuam tshuam rau cov suab thaj theem. Qhov siab dua qhov ntsuas, lawv muaj zog ntxiv cov piam thaj. Cov khoom lag luam nrog GI ntawm 35-40 tsis ua rau muaj cov roj ntsha sai sai hauv cov piam thaj.

Thaum muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom noj hauv lub cev, cov zaub mov uas muaj GI qhov siab tshaj plaws raug cais tawm ntawm kev noj haus: qab zib, ncuav qab zib, mov noodles, zib ntab, ci qos yaj ywm, hau carrots, pob kws, pob kws flakes, txiv quav ntswv nyoos, tsawb, semolina.

Vim li cas qhov sib npaug ntawm insulin thiab glucagon tseem ceeb heev

Cov kev ua ntawm glucagon thiab insulin yog ib qho zoo sib xws, tsuas yog vim muaj qhov sib npaug zoo ntawm cov tshuaj hormones cov metabolism hauv cov rog, cov protein thiab carbohydrates yeej ib txwm nyob. Hauv qab ntawm lwm yam sab nraud thiab sab hauv - kab mob, kab mob, kev ntxhov siab, khoom noj khoom haus thiab ecology - qhov sib npaug tuaj yeem hloov pauv.

Qhov tsis txaus ntawm insulin thiab glucagon yog qhia los ntawm cov tsos mob hauv qab no:

• mob tshaib plab, txawm tias ib tus neeg tau noj ib teev dhau los,
• ntse hloov mus rau hauv cov ntshav qab zib - nws ces tsawg dua, tab sis nce ntxiv,
• cov leeg nqaij tsawg dua
• mus ob peb vas hloov tas li - ntawm nce mus ua kom lub siab xav thaum nruab hnub,
• ib tug neeg tau txais qhov hnyav - hauv nws lub duav, caj npab, plab.

Kev tawm dag zog yog txoj hauv kev zoo los tiv thaiv thiab tshem tawm qhov hnyav. Yog hais tias qhov tsis txaus yauv nyob ntev, ces ib tug neeg muaj cov kab mob:

• mob ntshav qab zib mellitus
• malfunctions ntawm lub paj hlwb,
• txo lub hlwb ua si,
• kev mob plawv
• rog thiab noj tsis meej,
• muaj teeb meem nrog cov piam thaj uptake,
• pancreatitis
• atherosclerosis, hyperlipoproteinemia,
• metabolic ntshaus siab thiab cov leeg khov kho.

Yog tias xav tias tsam tsis txaus hormonal, kuaj ntshav tiav, thiab tus kws endocrinologist tawm tswv yim.

Cov haujlwm ntawm cov insulin thiab glucagon yog rov qab, tab sis inextricable. Yog tias ib qho tshuaj pleev ib ce tawm kom tsim tau raws li nws yuav tsum tau, tom qab ntawd kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus thib ob mob siab. Kev tshem tawm sai ntawm hormonal tsis txaus los ntawm kev siv tshuaj kho mob, kev kho mob rau pej xeem thiab kev noj haus yog tib txoj kev los tiv thaiv tus kab mob.

Kev sib raug zoo lawm

Cov tshuaj insulin thiab glucagon yog inextricably txuas. Lawv txoj haujlwm yog los tswj kev saib xyuas cov piam thaj hauv cov ntshav. Glucagon muab nws nce, insulin - txo qis. Lawv ua txoj haujlwm rov qab los. Qhov tshwm sim rau cov tshuaj insulin yog ua kom cov concentration ntawm cov piam thaj hauv cov ntshav, glucagon - txo qis. Tsis tas li ntawd, insulin ntau lawm inhibits qhov zais cia ntawm glucagon.

Yog tias kev tsim hluavtaws ntawm ib qho ntawm cov tshuaj hormones no cuam tshuam, lwm tus pib ua haujlwm tsis raug. Piv txwv, nyob rau hauv cov ntshav qab zib mellitus, cov theem ntawm cov insulin hauv cov ntshav qis, cov nyhuv inhibitory ntawm insulin ntawm glucagon tsis muaj zog, vim li ntawd, qib ntawm glucagon nyob rau hauv cov ntshav yog siab dhau, uas ua rau muaj kev nce ntxiv hauv cov ntshav qabzib, uas yog dab tsi cov kab mob no.

Cov uas tsis nyob hauv kev noj zaub mov ua rau lub cev tsis muaj peev xwm tsim cov tshuaj hormones, tsis raug lawv qhov tsis yog. Kev tsim txom ntawm cov zaub mov muaj protein ua rau lub plab zom zaws ntau dhau ntawm cov zom ntawm glucagon, thiab cov khoom noj khoom haus yooj yim (carbohydrates) - insulin. Cov tsos mob ntawm kev tsis txaus ntseeg nyob rau theem ntawm cov kua dej thiab glucagon ua rau kev txhim kho ntawm cov pathologies.