Metformin-Teva analogues
Cov nplooj ntawv no muab cov npe ntawm txhua qhov Metformin-Teva analogues hauv kev muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab qhia rau kev siv. Cov npe ntawm cov pheej yig analogues, thiab koj kuj tuaj yeem sib piv cov nqi hauv cov khw muag tshuaj.
- Qhov pheej yig tshaj analogue ntawm Metformin-Teva:Ntsia hauv qab
- Cov khoom noj nrov tshaj plaws ntawm Metformin-Teva:Metformin
- Kev faib tawm ATX: Metformin
- Cov khoom xyaw nquag / muaj pes tsawg leeg: metformin
| # | Npe | Nqe hauv Lavxias | Nqe hauv Ukraine |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ntsia hauv qab metformin Analogue nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab qhia tau | 12 RUB | 15 UAH |
| 2 | Metformin metformin Analogue nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab qhia tau | 13 RUB | 12 UAH |
| 3 | Reduxin Met metformin, sibutramine Analogue nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab qhia tau | 20 RUB | -- |
| 4 | Metformin Canon metformin, ovidone K 90, pob kws hmoov txhuv, crospovidone, magnesium stearate, talc Analogue nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab qhia tau | 26 RUB | -- |
| 5 | Formine Analogue nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab qhia tau | 37 RUB | -- |
Thaum xam xyuas tus nqi pheej yig analogues Metformin-Teva tus nqi yam tsawg kawg nkaus uas tau pom hauv daim ntawv teev tus nqi muab los ntawm cov khw muag tshuaj tau raug coj los suav
| # | Npe | Nqe hauv Lavxias | Nqe hauv Ukraine |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Metformin metformin Analogue nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab qhia tau | 13 RUB | 12 UAH |
| 2 | Reduxin Met metformin, sibutramine Analogue nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab qhia tau | 20 RUB | -- |
| 3 | Siofor Analogue nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab qhia tau | 208 rub | 27 UAH |
| 4 | Ntsia hauv qab metformin Analogue nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab qhia tau | 12 RUB | 15 UAH |
| 5 | Formine Analogue nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab qhia tau | 37 RUB | -- |
Muab daim ntawv teev cov tshuaj analogues raws li kev txheeb cais ntawm cov tshuaj feem ntau thov
Analogs hauv kev muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab qhia txog kev siv
| Npe | Nqe hauv Lavxias | Nqe hauv Ukraine |
|---|---|---|
| Bagomet Metformin | -- | 30 UAH |
| Glucofage metformin | 12 RUB | 15 UAH |
| Globophage xr metformin | -- | 50 UAH |
| Reduxin Met Metformin, Sibutramine | 20 RUB | -- |
| Dianormet | -- | 19 UAH |
| Diaformin metformin | -- | 5 UAH |
| Metformin metformin | 13 RUB | 12 UAH |
| Tshuaj Metformin sandoz metformin | -- | 13 UAH |
| Siofor | 208 rub | 27 UAH |
| Formin metformin hydrochloride | -- | -- |
| Emnorm EP Metformin | -- | -- |
| Megifort Metformin | -- | 15 UAH |
| Tshuaj hlau Metformin | -- | 20 UAH |
| Tshuaj Metamin SR Metformin | -- | 20 UAH |
| Metfogamma metformin | 256 rub | 17 UAH |
| Tefor metformin | -- | -- |
| Glycometer | -- | -- |
| Glycomet SR | -- | -- |
| Tshuaj nyob | 37 RUB | -- |
| Metformin Canon metformin, ovidone K 90, pob kws hmoov txhuv, crospovidone, magnesium stearate, talc | 26 RUB | -- |
| Insuffor metformin hydrochloride | -- | 25 UAH |
| Diaformin SR metformin | -- | 18 UAH |
| Mepharmil Metformin | -- | 13 UAH |
| Metformin Yawg Liaj Ua Teb Metformin | -- | -- |
Cov npe saum toj no ntawm cov yeeb tshuaj analogues, uas qhia Metformin-Teva Hloov Hloov, yog qhov tsim nyog tshaj plaws vim tias lawv muaj tib cov tshuaj sib luag thiab sib luag ua ke raws li kev taw qhia rau kev siv
Sib txawv muaj pes tsawg leeg, tuaj yeem ua ke nyob rau hauv kev taw qhia thiab cov qauv ntawm daim ntawv thov
| Npe | Nqe hauv Lavxias | Nqe hauv Ukraine |
|---|---|---|
| Avantomed rosiglitazone, metformin hydrochloride | -- | -- |
| Glibenclamide Glibenclamide | 30 RUB | 7 UAH |
| Maninyl Glibenclamide | 54 rub | 37 UAH |
| Glibenclamide-Health Glibenclamide | -- | 12 UAH |
| Glyurenorm glycidone | 94 rub | 43 UAH |
| Bisogamma Glyclazide | 91 rub | 182 UAH |
| Glidiab Glyclazide | 100 tshiav | 170 UAH |
| Lawj Xeeb MR | -- | 92 UAH |
| Kev kuaj mob mr Gliclazide | -- | 15 UAH |
| Glidia MV Gliclazide | -- | -- |
| Glykinorm Gliclazide | -- | -- |
| Gliclazide Gliclazide | 231 rub | 57 UAH |
| Glyclazide 30 MV-Indar Glyclazide | -- | -- |
| Glyclazide-Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv Gliclazide | -- | 36 UAH |
| Glioral Glyclazide | -- | -- |
| Kev kuaj mob Gliclazide | -- | 14 UAH |
| Diazide MV Gliclazide | -- | 46 UAH |
| Osliklid Gliclazide | -- | 68 UAH |
| Diadeon gliclazide | -- | -- |
| Glyclazide MV Gliclazide | 4 RUB | -- |
| Amaril | 27 RUB | 4 UAH |
| Glemaz glimepiride | -- | -- |
| Glian glimepiride | -- | 77 UAH |
| Glimepiride Glyride | -- | 149 UAH |
| Glimepiride diapiride | -- | 23 UAH |
| Thaj neeb | -- | 12 UAH |
| Glimax glimepiride | -- | 35 UAH |
| Glimepiride-Lugal glimepiride | -- | 69 UAH |
| Av nplaum glimepiride | -- | 66 UAH |
| Diabrex glimepiride | -- | 142 UAH |
| Meglimide glimepiride | -- | -- |
| Melpamide Glimepiride | -- | 84 UAH |
| Perinel glimepiride | -- | -- |
| Glempid | -- | -- |
| Raug Tsim | -- | -- |
| Glimepiride glimepiride | 27 RUB | 42 UAH |
| Glimepiride-teva glimepiride | -- | 57 UAH |
| Glimepiride Canon glimepiride | 50 RUB | -- |
| Glimepiride Pharmstandard glimepiride | -- | -- |
| Dimaril glimepiride | -- | 21 UAH |
| Glamepiride diamerid | 2 RUB | -- |
| Amaryl M Limepiride Micronized, Metformin Hydrochloride | 856 rub | 40 UAH |
| Glibomet glibenclamide, metformin | 257 rub | 101 UAH |
| Glucovans glibenclamide, metformin | 34 RUB | 8 UAH |
| Dianorm-m Glyclazide, Metformin | -- | 115 UAH |
| Dibizid-m glipizide, metformin | -- | 30 UAH |
| Douglimax glimepiride, metformin | -- | 44 UAH |
| Duotrol glibenclamide, metformin | -- | -- |
| Gluconorm | 45 rub | -- |
| Glibofor metformin hydrochloride, glibenclamide | -- | 16 UAH |
| Avandamet | -- | -- |
| Avandaglim | -- | -- |
| Janumet metformin, sitagliptin | 9 RUB | 1 UAH |
| Velmetia metformin, sitagliptin | 6026 rub | -- |
| Galvus Met vildagliptin, metformin | 259 RUB | 1195 UAH |
| Tripride glimepiride, metformin, pioglitazone | -- | 83 UAH |
| Comboglize XR metformin, saxagliptin | -- | 424 UAH |
| Comboglyz Prolong metformin, saxagliptin | 130 rub | -- |
| Gentadueto linagliptin, metformin | -- | -- |
| Vipdomet metformin, alogliptin | 55 RUB | 1750 UAH |
| Sinjardi empagliflozin, metformin hydrochloride | 240 rub | -- |
| Voglibose Oxide | -- | 21 UAH |
| Glutazone pioglitazone | -- | 66 UAH |
| Dropia Sanovel pioglitazone | -- | -- |
| Januvia sitagliptin | 1369 rub | 277 UAH |
| Galvus vildagliptin | 245 RUB | 895 UAH |
| Onglisa saxagliptin | 1472 RUB | 48 UAH |
| Nesina alogliptin | -- | -- |
| Vipidia alogliptin | 350 rub | 1250 UAH |
| Trazhenta linagliptin | 89 rub | 1434 UAH |
| Lixumia lixisenatide | -- | 2498 UAH |
| Guarem Guar cob | 9950 rub | 24 UAH |
| Insvada repaglinide | -- | -- |
| Novonorm Repaglinide | 30 RUB | 90 UAH |
| Cov Chaw Tshaj Tawm Repaglinide | -- | -- |
| Baeta Exenatide | 150 rub | 4600 UAH |
| Baeta Ntev Exenatide | 10248 rub | -- |
| Viktoza liraglutide | 8823 rub | 2900 UAH |
| Saxenda liraglutide | 1374 rub | 13773 UAH |
| Forksiga Dapagliflozin | -- | 18 UAH |
| Forsiga Dapagliflozin | 12 RUB | 3200 UAH |
| Invocana canagliflozin | 13 RUB | 3200 UAH |
| Jardins Empagliflozin | 222 RUB | 566 UAH |
| Trulicity Dulaglutide | 115 RUB | -- |
Yuav ua li cas thiaj nrhiav tau qhov pheej yig tshuaj ntawm cov tshuaj kim?
Txhawm rau kom pom qhov pheej yig cov khoom sib piv rau cov tshuaj, cov dav dav lossis cov lus sau, ua ntej txhua yam peb pom zoo kom them sai sai rau qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg, uas yog rau tib cov tshuaj nquag thiab qhia tau rau kev siv. Cov tshuaj sib xyaw zoo ib yam ntawm cov tshuaj yuav qhia tau tias cov tshuaj cuam tshuam nrog cov tshuaj, kws tshuaj sib npaug lossis chaw muag tshuaj. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis txhob hnov qab txog qhov ua tsis muaj zog ntawm cov tshuaj uas zoo sib xws, uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam kev nyab xeeb thiab ua haujlwm. Tsis txhob hnov qab txog cov lus qhia ntawm cov kws kho mob, kev noj tshuaj rau nws tus kheej tuaj yeem tsim kev puas tsuaj rau koj kev noj qab haus huv, yog li nco ntsoov sab laj nrog koj tus kws kho mob ua ntej siv cov tshuaj.
Cov lus qhia Metformin-Teva
Pharmacological kev txiav txim
Metformin inhibits gluconeogenesis nyob rau hauv daim siab, txo qhov nqus ntawm cov piam thaj los ntawm cov hnyuv, txhim kho kev siv ntu ntawm cov piam thaj, thiab tseem ua rau kev nkag siab ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg mus rau insulin. Nws tsis cuam tshuam qhov zais cia ntawm insulin los ntawm beta hlwb ntawm tus txiav, tsis ua rau kev tsis tuaj yeem tshwm sim. Txo cov theem ntawm triglycerides thiab qis linoproteins hauv cov ntshav. Stabilizes lossis txo qhov hnyav lub cev. Nws muaj cov nyhuv fibrinolytic vim yog kev tsuj tawm ntawm cov nqaij plasminogen activator inhibitor.
Cov Tshuaj Pharmacokinetics
Tom qab lub qhov ncauj tswj hwm, metformin yog nqus los ntawm cov hnyuv. Bioavailability tom qab noj cov qauv tshuaj yog 50-60%. Cmax hauv cov ntshav plasma tau mus txog 2.5 teev tom qab noj. Nws xyaum tsis khi rau cov plasma protein. Nws accumulates nyob rau hauv salivary qog, nqaij, mob siab thiab ob lub raum. Nws yog tawm tawm tsis hloov pauv los ntawm ob lub raum. T1 / 2 yog 9-12 teev. Nrog kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo hauv lub raum, kom cov tshuaj ntau tau.
Cov Khoom Qhia
- mob ntshav qab zib mellitus hom 2 yam tsis muaj ketoacidosis (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov neeg mob rog rog) nrog qhov tsis muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm kev noj zaub mov noj,
- hauv kev sib xyaw nrog cov tshuaj insulin - rau hom 2 mob ntshav qab zib mellitus, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nrog kev tshaj tawm ntawm kev rog, nrog rau cov kab mob insulin ua hauj lwm.
Kev noj tshuaj ntxiv
Cov koob tshuaj ntawm lub tshuaj yog teem los ntawm tus kws kho mob ib leeg zuj zus, nyob ntawm seb muaj qib ntshav qabzib hauv cov ntshav.
Thawj koob tshuaj yog 500-1000 mg / hnub (1-2 ntsiav tshuaj). Tom qab 10-15 hnub, nce ntxiv hauv koob tshuaj ntau dua yog ua tau raws cov qib ntshav qabzib.
Kev saib xyuas cov tshuaj ntawm cov tshuaj feem ntau yog 1500-2000 mg / hnub. (3-4 daim.) Qhov ntau kawg yog 3000 mg / hnub (6 ntsiav tshuaj).
Hauv cov neeg mob laus, cov koob tshuaj pom zoo txhua hnub yuav tsum tsis pub ntau dua 1 g (2 ntsiav tshuaj).
Metformin ntsiav tshuaj yuav tsum noj tag nrho thaum lossis noj mov tom qab noj mov nrog ib qho kua tsawg (ib khob dej). Txhawm rau txo cov kev phiv los ntawm txoj hnyuv plab, qhov kev muab tshuaj txhua hnub yuav tsum tau muab faib ua 2-3 zaug.
Vim tias muaj qhov pheej hmoo ntxiv ntawm cov kab mob lactic acidosis, cov koob tshuaj yuav tsum raug txo qis yog tias muaj kev cuam tshuam loj ntawm cov metabolism hauv lub cev.
Sab sij huam
Los ntawm lub plab zom mov: xeev siab, ntuav, nws yog xim hlau hauv lub qhov ncauj, tsis muaj qab los noj mov, raws plab, plooj, mob plab. Cov tsos mob no tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum pib kho thiab feem ntau yuav ploj mus ntawm lawv tus kheej. Cov tsos mob no tuaj yeem txo qis lub sijhawm ntawm anthocides, derivatives ntawm atropine lossis antispasmodics.
Los ntawm ib sab ntawm cov metabolism: hauv qee qhov tsawg - lactic acidosis (yuav tsum muaj kev kho mob tsis ua tiav), nrog kev kho mob mus ntev - hypovitaminosis B12 (malabsorption).
Los ntawm cov kabmob hemopoietic: qee kis - megaloblastic anemia.
Los ntawm cov kab ke endocrine: hypoglycemia.
Kev ua xua rau: xoo pob khaus.
Cov Yuav Tsum Muaj
- uas ketoacidosis, mob ntshav qab zib precoma, coma,
- Lub raum khiav tsis zoo,
- cov kab mob mob cuam tshuam nrog txoj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tsim muaj lub raum ua haujlwm: lub cev qhuav dej (nrog rau mob raws plab, ntuav), kub taub hau, mob hnyav kis, hypoxia (poob siab, sepsis, mob raum, kab mob bronchopulmonary),
- cov kab mob hais tawm tias yog mob thiab muaj mob ntev tuaj yeem ua rau kev loj hlob ntawm cov nqaij mos hypoxia (lub plawv lossis ua pa tsis ua haujlwm, mob myocardial infarction),
- Kev phais mob hnyav thiab raug mob (thaum insulin txoj kev qhia pom zoo),
- Lub siab ua haujlwm tsis zoo,
- ntev kev haus cawv, mob qaug dej qaug cawv,
- siv tsawg kawg yog 2 hnub ua ntej thiab nyob rau 2 hnub tom qab ua kev tshawb fawb radioisotope lossis xoo hluav taws xob nrog kev qhia ntawm iodine-contrast contrast medium,
- lactic acidosis (suav nrog keeb kwm),
- kev ua raws nraim rau kev noj zaub mov kom tsis txhob muaj calories ntau tsawg (tsawg dua 1000 cal / hnub),
- kev xeeb tub
- lub sijhawm lactation,
- Hypersensitivity rau cov tshuaj.
Nws tsis pom zoo kom siv cov tshuaj rau cov neeg laus dua 60 xyoo uas ua haujlwm lub cev hnyav, uas cuam tshuam nrog kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tsim mob lactic acidosis hauv lawv.
Cev xeeb tub thiab lactation
Thaum npaj kev cev xeeb tub, nrog rau muaj xwm txheej thaum cev xeeb tub thaum noj Metformin, nws yuav tsum tso tseg thiab kev kho mob insulin yuav tsum tau kho. Txij li tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev nkag mus rau hauv niam mis, cov tshuaj no yog sib kis hauv kev pub niam mis. Yog tias nws yuav tsum siv Metformip thaum pub niam mis, kev pub mis rau menyuam yuav tsum tsis ua mus ntxiv.
Cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb
Thaum kho, nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau saib xyuas lub raum ua haujlwm. Tsawg kawg 2 zaug hauv ib xyoos, nrog rau qhov pom ntawm myalgia, lub lactate cov ntsiab lus hauv cov ntshav yuav tsum txiav txim siab. Ntxiv rau, ib zaug txhua 6 lub hlis nws yog qhov tsim nyog los tswj theem ntawm creatinine hauv cov ntshav cov ntshav (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov neeg mob ntawm lub hnub nyoog qib siab). Tshuaj Metformin yuav tsum tsis txhob raug tshuaj yog tias qib creatinine hauv cov ntshav siab tshaj 135 μmol / L hauv cov txiv neej thiab 110 μmol / L hauv cov poj niam.
Tej zaum kev siv cov tshuaj Metformin txuam nrog sulfonylurea derivatives. Hauv qhov no, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog saib xyuas cov ntshav ntshav qab zib kom tsim nyog.
48 teev ua ntej thiab nyob hauv 48 teev tom qab radiopaque (urography, iv angiography), koj yuav tsum tsis txhob noj Metformin.
Yog tias tus neeg mob tau mob bronchopulmonary los yog tus kab mob sib kis ntawm cov kab mob genitourinary, cov kws kho mob uas koom nrog yuav tsum qhia tam sim.
Thaum kho, koj yuav tsum caiv tsis txhob haus cawv thiab tshuaj muaj ethanol. Cov.
Cuam tshuam rau kev muaj peev xwm tsav tsheb thiab tswj cov tshuab
Kev siv cov tshuaj rau hauv monotherapy tsis cuam tshuam rau lub peev xwm tsav tsheb thiab ua haujlwm nrog cov txheej txheem.
Thaum Metformin koom ua ke nrog lwm cov kab mob hypoglycemic (sulfonylurea derivatives, insulin), cov kev mob ntshav qab zib tsawg tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov uas muaj peev xwm tsav tsheb thiab koom nrog lwm cov kev phom sij uas xav tau kev nce siab ntxiv thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv psychomotor sai sai yog qhov tsis raug.
Noj ntau dhau
Nrog kev siv tshuaj ntau dhau ntawm Metformin, ib qho kab mob lactic acidosis nrog rau kev ua rau neeg tuag taus yog ua tau. Qhov ua rau kev txhim kho ntawm cov kab mob lactic acid tuaj yeem tseem yog kev ruaj khov ntawm cov tshuaj vim tias lub zog ua haujlwm tsis zoo.
Cov tsos mob ntawm tus kab mob lactic acidosis: xeev siab, ntuav, raws plab, txo qis lub cev kub, mob plab, mob nqaij, yav tom ntej yuav muaj kev ua pa ntau ntxiv, kiv taub hau, tsis hnov qab thiab ua rau tsis nco qab lawm.
Kev Kho Mob : nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov cim ntawm lactic acidosis, kev kho mob nrog Metformin yuav tsum tau nres tam sim ntawd, tus neeg mob yuav tsum tau mus pw hauv tsev kho mob sai thiab, tau txiav txim siab qhov concentration ntawm lactate, paub meej tias txoj kev kuaj mob. Qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws rau kev tshem tawm lactate thiab metformin los ntawm lub cev yog hemodialysis. Cov kev mob tshwm sim kuj yog nqa tawm.
Nrog kev kho ua ke nrog Metformin thiab sulfonylureas, cov ntshav qog ntshav qog ntshav tuaj yeem txhim kho.
Yeeb tshuaj sib cuam tshuam
Kev siv tib lub sijhawm sib xyaw ntawm danazol tsis pom zoo nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim kom tsis txhob muaj cov nyhuv hyperglycemic ntawm tom kawg. Yog tias kev kho mob nrog danazol yog qhov tsim nyog thiab tom qab txiav tom kawg, kev kho tshuaj metformin thiab iodine yuav tsum tswj hwm theem ntawm glycemia.
Kev sib xyaw ua ke xav tau kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb: chlorpromazine - thaum noj ntau dua (100 mg / hnub) nce glycemia, txo qis kev tsim tawm ntawm insulin.
Hauv kev kho tshuaj tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv thiab tom qab siv ceev xwmphem qhov ua kom haum rau tom kawg, kev kho tshuaj ntawm metformin yog qhov yuav tsum tau nyob hauv kev tswj hwm qib glycemia.
Nrog rau kev siv tib lub sijhawm nrog sulfonylurea derivatives, acarbose, insulin, NSAIDs, MAO inhibitors, oxytetracycline, ACE inhibitors, clofibrate derivatives, cyclophosphamide, β-blockers, nws yog qhov ua tau kom nce cov nyhuv hypoglycemic ntawm metformin.
Nrog rau kev siv tib lub sijhawm nrog GCS, qhov ncauj tawm tsam, epinephrine, sympathomimetics, glucagon, cov thyroid hormones, thiazide thiab voj diuretics, phenothiazine derivatives, nicotinic acid derivatives, txo qis hauv cov nyhuv hypoglycemic ntawm metformin yog ua tau.
Cimetidine qeeb kev tshem tawm ntawm metformin, uas ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm lactic acidosis.
Metformin tej zaum yuav ua rau cov tshuaj anticoagulants tsis muaj zog (coumarin derivatives).
Cawv kev haus dej cawv ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tsim cov kab mob lactic acid thaum haus dej cawv ua rau qaug cawv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum muaj kev yoo mov lossis ua raws li cov zaub mov tsis zoo, nrog rau lub siab ua tsis tau.
Cov Cai Siv Tshuaj So
Cov tshuaj yog ntawv yuav tshuaj.
Cov lus thiab cov xwm txheej ntawm kev cia
Khaws rau hauv qhov chaw qhuav, tsaus ntawm qhov kub ntawm 15 ° txog 25 ° C.
Khaws tsis ncav cuag ntawm cov menyuam yaus.
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Yog nws tau noj taub dag nrog cov roj hauv siab
Taub dag thiab cov roj (cholesterol) hauv cov neeg txheej thaum ub, tau pom tias cov taub thiab cov roj (cholesterol) yog sib cuam tshuam. Lub vaj zaub noj qab nyob zoo no pab daws kev nyuaj siab ntau yam, ua rau lub cev muaj txiaj ntsig zoo nrog cov vitamins thiab tshuaj lom neeg. ... -
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