Genetic engineering insulin ntau lawm

Insulin - ib hom tshuaj tua kabmob (pancreatic) uas tswj | carbohydrate metabolism thiab kev tswj kom nyob rau theem li qub ntawm cazdpahauv cov ntshav. Ib qho kev tsis txaus ntawm cov tshuaj no hauv lub cev ua.) Rau ib qho ntawm cov kabmob hnyav tshaj plaws - ntshav qab zib, uas, ua kom muaj kev tuag, nyob hauv peb qhov chaw tom qab kab mob plawv thiab mob cancer. Cov tshuaj insulin yog lub me me globule | cov protein muaj 51 amino acid seem thiab muaj nrog ob qho polypeptide txuas txuas ua ke los ntawm ob txoj hlua disulfide. Nws yog synthesized nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib-cov saw fetal muaj txheej txheem ua ntej, preproinsulin, muaj koi lub hauv paus teeb meem peptide (23 amino acid seem) thiab 35-txuas txuas peptide (C-peptide). Thaum lub teeb liab peptide raug tshem tawm, proinsulin los ntawm 86 amino acid residues yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub cell, nyob rau hauv uas A thiab B chains ntawm insulin txuas.C-neiib qho tweed, uas muab lawv nrog cov kev qhia tsim nyog ntawm $ 3 ntawm daim ntawv cog lus disulfide. Tom qab cov proteolytic tshem tawm ntawm C peptide, cov tshuaj insulin yog tsim.

Peb paub ntau hom ntshav qab zib. Daim ntawv foos hnyav tshaj, rau kev kho mob uas tus neeg mob xav tau insulin (ib qho qauv ntawm insulin-raws li tus kab mob), tshwm sim los ntawm kev xaiv tuag ntawm cov hlwb hluavtaws cov tshuaj no (cov hlwb islets ntawm Langerhans hauv lub thuv). Ib daim ntawv ntawm cov ntshav qab zib mellitus, rau qhov kev kho mob nrog cov tshuaj insulin tsis tas yuav ua, yog ntau dua, nws tuaj yeem tswj tau nrog kev pab ntawm kev noj zaub mov kom tsim nyog thiab rov ua:> ma. Feem ntau, cov tsiaj nyaum ntawm cov nyuj thiab nyuj tsis yog siv hauv kev lag luam nqaij thiab kaus poom thiab muab tso rau hauv cov tub yees rau tub luam cov chaw lag luam tshuaj uas cov tshuaj hormones tso tawm. Kom tau 100 g cr! Thallic insulin yuav tsum muaj 800-1000 kg ntawm pub tsiaj

Cov hluavtaws sib txuas ntawm ob txoj saw hlau thiab qhov sib txuas ntawm lawv cov ntawv cog lus tau txais cov tshuaj insulin tau ua nyob rau xyoo 1963 thiab 1965. peb pawg kws tshawb fawb nyob hauv Asmeskas, Suav Tuam Tshoj thiab Yelemes. Thaum xyoo 1980, lub tuam txhab Danish Novo Industri tau tsim ib txoj hauv kev los hloov cov npua insulin rau tib neeg cov kua dej los ntawm kev hloov 30 ntawm alanine hauv cov saw B nrog threonine residue. Ob qho tshuaj insulin tsis txawv hauv kev ua si thiab lub sijhawm ua haujlwm.

Kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev tsim kho caj ces ntawm cov tshuaj insulin tau pib kwv yees li 20 xyoo dhau los. Xyoo 1978, tau tshaj tawm xov xwm txog kev tsim tawm ntawm kev muaj peev xwm ntawm Escherichia coli uas ua cov proinsulin nas (Tebchaws USA). Hauv tib lub xyoo, cov tib neeg cov insulin txuas ntxiv tau tsim los ntawm kev hais tawm ntawm lawv cov noob hluavtaws hauv cov hlwb.E.coli(Daim duab 5.11). Txhua ntawm cov tau cov noob hluavtaws tau tig mus rau 3'-kawg ntawm cov noob enzyme (3-galactosidase thiab qhia rau hauv lub plasmid vector)(pBR322).HlwbE.colihloov pauv nrog cov kev tso ua ke plasmids, cov roj ntsha (chimeric) cov roj ntsha tau tsim tawm los ntawm cov p-galactosidase thiab A lossis B insulin peptide txuas rau nws ntawm cov seem methionine. Thaum ua cov hmoov av muaj protein ntau nrog cyanogen bromide, peptide tawm. Txawm li cas los xij, kaw qhov txuas disulfide ntawm cov tsim cov roj ntsha insulin yog qhov nyuaj.

Xyoo 1981, ib qho pro-insulin analogue, mini-C-pro-insulin, tau tsim kho, nyob rau hauv 35-chav C-peptide tau hloov los ntawm ntu ntawm rau 6 cov amino acids: arg-arg-gly-ser-lys-arg thiab nws cov lus qhia tau pom hauvE.coli.

Xyoo 1980, W. Gilbert thiab nws cov npoj yaig cais insulin mRNA los ntawm cov qog nqaij hlav hauv hlwb thiab tau cDNA los ntawm nws siv cov transcriptase thim rov qab. Qhov txiaj ntsig cDNA tau muab tso rau hauv plasmidpBR322E.colinyob hauv nruab nrab ib nrab ntawm cov penicillinase noob. Lub recombinant plasmid muaj cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov qauv ntawm proinsulin.Raws li cov ntsiab lus ntawm mRNA txhais lus, cov protein ua ke tau muab tso ua ke hauv cov hlwb uas muaj cov tshuaj penicillinase thiab proinsulin, uas tau muab zom nrog trypsin los ntawm cov protein zoo li no.

Xyoo 1978, cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm lub koom haum ntawm Bioorganic Chemistry nyob rau hauv kev saib xyuas ntawm Acad. A. Ovchinnikov, ob lub qauv kev tsim tawm ntawm cov noob hluav taws xob (synthesized of neuropeptides) tau muab coj los ua ke:leucine- enkephalin thiab bradykinin.Cov synthesized leucine enkephalin gene muaj ob "nplaum" xaus:

Lub noob hluavtaws tau muab tso ua ke nrog ib qho kev faib tawm DNA uas muaj cov kev tshaj tawm thiab qhov ze ntawm E. coli P-galactosidase protein geneE.colirau lub plasmid

Txais cov tshuaj insulin, cov hau kev ntawm kev tsim kho caj ces, Biotechnology - Cov Haujlwm

1. Cov qauv thiab cov haujlwm ntawm cov tshuaj insulin 5

1.1. Tus qauv ntawm cov tshuaj insulin molecule 5

1.2 .2. Qhov txheeb raws roj ntsha tseem ceeb ntawm insulin 7

1.3. Tshuaj Insulin Biosynthesis 8

2. Genetic engineering insulin synthes 10

2.1. Kev siv cov noob caj noob ces kev ua haujlwm rau kev sib txuas ntawm cov tshuaj 10

2.2. Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Txoj Kev Ntsuas 11

2.3. Genetic engineering insulin ntau lawm 14

Ua li cas los ntawm cov ntawv

Ntxiv mus, ob qho ntawm cov kev sib txuas no tej zaum yuav tshwm sim ib txhij hauv cov khoom sib xyaw cov protein. Tsis tas li ntawd, thaum tsim cov protein ua ke, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm ntau txoj kev tuaj yeem siv - muaj ntau cov ntawv luam ntawm cov phiaj polypeptide hauv cov protein ua ke, uas tuaj yeem nce qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov khoom lag luam.

Nyob rau hauv UK, ob qho tib si kab ntawm tib neeg insulin tau tsim kho siv E. coli, txuas nrog rau ib lub lwg me me ntawm biologically active hormone. Txhawm rau kom lub cev tsis tseem ceeb rau coj los ua cov insulin molecules rau ntawm nws cov ribosomes, nws yog qhov tsim nyog los muab nws nrog qhov kev pab cuam uas tsim nyog, uas yog, qhia cov keeb hormone mus rau nws.

Recombinant insulin tau txais ntawm lub koom haum ntawm Lavxias Academy ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb uas siv cov tshuaj tua kab mob ntawm E. coli. Lub tshuab hluav taws xob sib xyaw ua ntej qhia tawm los ntawm cov roj ntsha cog qoob loo, qhia hauv qhov ntau thiab tsawg

40. ntawm tag nrho cov cell protein muaj preproinsulin.

Nws txoj kev hloov pauv rau cov tshuaj insulin hauv vitro yog nqa tawm hauv cov kab sib luag ib yam li nyob rau hauv vivo - cov polypeptide coj los yog kev sib tsoo, preproinsulin tau hloov pauv rau cov kua dej los ntawm cov theem ntawm oxidative sulfitolysis, tom qab los ntawm kev kaw rov qab los ntawm peb txoj kev sib cais thiab kev sib cais ntawm C-peptide. Tom qab kev sib txuas ntawm ion pauv, gel thiab HPLC chromatographic purifying, tib neeg cov tshuaj insulin ntawm siab purity thiab ntuj ua si tau.

Kom tau txais cov tshuaj insulin, ib txoj siv yog siv nrog nucleotide sib lawv liag tso rau hauv plasmid qhia txog cov protein ua ke nrog cov kab proinsulin thiab ib qho me me ntawm Staphylococcus aureus protein A txuas rau nws N-terminus los ntawm methionine seem 8, 9, 10.

Kev cog qoob loo ntawm cov roj ntsha uas muaj roj ntau ntau hauv cov hlwb ua rau muaj qhov pib ua kom tiav ntawm ib qho kev sib txuas ntawm cov protein, qhov kev rho tawm thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv cov raj uas ua rau cov kua dej insulin.

Lwm txoj kev muaj peev xwm kuj tau: tau txais hauv cov kab mob hauv cov kab mob ntawm kev hais tawm ntawm cov protein tso ua ke nrog tib neeg proinsulin thiab polyhistidine tus Tsov tus tw txuas rau nws ntawm methionine residue. Nws yog raug cais siv chelate chromatography rau kab ntawv nrog Ni-agarose thiab bromine cleavage.

Qhov tsis muaj protein ntau yog S-sulfonated. Kev teeb tsa thiab huab hwm coj tsom xam ntawm cov tau txais cov tshuaj tiv thaiv purified los ntawm ion txauv chromatography ntawm anion txauv resin thiab RP (thim rov qab) theem siab ua kua chromatography qhia muaj cov disulfide choj uas sib haum rau cov disulfide choj ntawm cov tib neeg proinsulin.

Tsis ntev los no, kev mob siab rau tau them rau qhov kev yooj yim ntawm txoj kev los tsim cov tshuaj insulin los ntawm caj ces engineering.Piv txwv li, koj tuaj yeem tau txais cov protein uas muaj cov proinsulin txuas rau N-terminus dhau ntawm lysine residue ntawm tus thawj coj interleukin.

2. Lub protein ua kom zoo thiab tshaj tawm hauv cheeb tsam hauv cov koom ua ke. Tom qab sib cais, cov protein los tsim cov tshuaj insulin thiab C-peptide tau muab pov tseg nrog trypsin 5, 8, 10.

Qhov txiaj ntsig insulin thiab C-peptide yog ua kom huv los ntawm RP-HPLC. Tseem ceeb heev thaum tsim cov qauv fused yog huab hwm coj piv ntawm cov cab kuj muaj protein ntau thiab phiaj polypeptide.

C-peptides nrog kev pab ntawm amino acid spacers nqa lub chaw hauv Sfi I thiab ob qho chaw arginine thaum pib thiab qhov kawg ntawm lub tog raj rau tom ntej ntawm cov protein trypsin kev zom tau txuas nrog raws li lub taub hau-tus qauv.

HPLC ntawm cov khoom lag luam pom tseeb tias qhov kev tshem tawm ntawm C-peptide tau txais txiaj ntsig ntau, thiab qhov no tso cai siv cov multimeric hluav taws xob cov noob los tsim cov phiaj polypeptides ntawm ib qho kev lag luam.

Xaus

Tshaj dhau, thiab feem ntau, txoj hauv kev tsuas los tswj lub neej thiab kev ua haujlwm muaj peev xwm ntawm cov neeg mob ntshav qab zib mellitus yog hnub, insulin.

Ua ntej tau txais thiab qhia cov tshuaj insulin rau hauv cov kev siv tshuaj, kev tuag tshwm sim tau rau ib lossis ob xyoos txij li hnub pib ntawm tus kab mob ntawm cov neeg mob ntshav qab zib hom I, txawm hais tias siv cov zaub mov muaj txiaj ntsig tshaj plaws.

Cov neeg mob ntshav qab zib hom I xav tau kev hloov pauv mus tag lub cev nrog kev npaj tshuaj insulin. Kev tas sij hawm ntawm cov thawj coj tsis tu ncua ntawm insulin rau ib qho laj thawj los yog lwm qhov ua rau kev loj hlob sai ntawm cov teeb meem thiab qhov mob sai sai ntawm tus neeg mob.

Tam sim no, tus kab mob ntshav qab zib ntau nyob hauv qhov chaw thib peb tom qab cov kab mob ntawm cov hlab plawv thiab cov hlav qog. Tus kab mob ntshav qab zib feem ntau ntawm cov neeg laus, raws li World Health Organization, hauv feem ntau thaj tsam ntawm lub ntiaj teb yog 2-5% thiab nyhav nce txhua qhov

1. xyoo ntawm cov neeg mob yuav luag txog ob npaug. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg mob insulin, txawm hais tias pom tseeb hauv kev kho mob hauv thaj chaw kho mob, nce ntxiv txhua xyoo, thiab tam sim no nyob rau hauv Russia ib leeg muaj txog 2 lab tus tib neeg.

Cov kev cog lus uas tau zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev tsim cov tshuaj insulin yog cov qauv tsim hluav taws xob. Txhob txwm tsim cov tshuaj insulin yog tau los ntawm nyias ua cov chains A thiab B siv cov neeg tsim khoom sib txawv thiab tom qab hlais ntawm cov qauv, tom qab kev sib cais ntawm isoforms, thiab kev sib txuas ntawm cov proinsulin hauv E. Coli hlwb nrog rau nws qhov txuas nrog trypsin thiab carboxypeptidase thiab kev tsim cov tshuaj insulin haiv neeg.

Kev tsim cov tshuaj ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv tib neeg cov roj ntsha insulin qhib txoj kev tshiab rau kev daws teeb meem ntau yam ntawm Lavxias kab mob ntshav qab zib thiaj li yuav cawm tau ntau lab tus neeg muaj ntshav qab zib.

Ntaub Ntawv

Balabolkin M.I., Klebanova E.M., Kreminskaya V.M. Mob ntshav qab zib mellitus: niaj hnub sib nrauj kev kuaj mob thiab kev kho mob / Tus kws kho mob, ed. G.L. Vyshkovsky.-2005.- M .: RLS-2005, 2004.- 960 p.

Gavrikov, A.V. Kev ua kom zoo dua qub ntawm kev tsim khoom siv biotechnological ntawm cov tshuaj sib cuam tshuam ntawm tib neeg cov kev cuam tshuam: dis. ... tswm ciab. biol. Kev Tshawb Fawb - M, 2003

Txhob kaw cov tib neeg cov kua dej. Ua kom cov kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov chromatographic sib cais siv cov ntsiab cai ntawm bifunctionality. / Romanchikov A.B., Yakimov S.A., Klyushnichenko V.E., Arutunyan A.M., Wulfson A.N. // Bioorganic Chemistry, 1997 - 23, No. 2

Glick B., Pasternak J. Tswj kev siv ntawm biotechnological txoj kev // B. Glick, J. Parsnip / Molecular Biotechnology = Molecular Biotechnology. - M .: Mir, 2002 .-- S. 517-532. - 589 p.

Glick B., Pasternak J. Molecular Biotechnology. Cov hauv paus ntsiab lus thiab daim ntawv thov. M .: Mir, 2002.

Davis R., Botstein D, Roth J. Txoj kev qhia txog caj ces engineering. Cov noob caj noob ces ntawm tus kab mob // R. Davis, D. Botstein, J. Roth / Per. los ntawm Lus Askiv.-M .: Mir. - 1984.- 176 p.

Ermishin A.P.Hloov Kho Tej Txheej Txheem: Myths thiab Tseeb / A.P. Ermishin // Mn.: Tehnalogaliya.- 2004. - 118 p.

Cov Qauv Tseem Ceeb ntawm Cov Kws Tshuaj Biotechnology: Phau Ntawv / TP Prischep, V.S. Chuchalin, K.L. Zaykov, L.K. Mikhaleva. - Rostov-on-Don.: Phoenix, Tomsk: NTL Publishing House, 2006.

Patrushev L.I. Cov tshuaj lom neeg tsim noob. // L.I. Patrushev / M .: Nauka.- 2004.

Romanchikov, A.B. Txhob kaw cov tib neeg cov kua dej. Ua kom cov kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov chromatographic sib cais siv cov ntsiab cai ntawm bifunctionality. / A.B. Romanchikov thiab lwm yam.

// Bioorganic Chemistry. 1997. No. 2. p. 23

Rybchin V.N. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm Genetic Engineering // V.N. Rybchin / 2nd ed., Hloov. thiab ntxiv.: Phau ntawv rau cov tsev kawm qib siab. SPb.: Tshaj tawm tsev ntawm SPbSTU. - 2002 .-- 522 s.

Schelkunov S. N. Kev tsim kho caj ces // Schelkunov S. N. / Novosibirsk: Sib. univ. Tsev Luam Ntawv Xyoo 2008.

Schelkunov, S.N. Kev tsim kho caj ces: phau ntawv qhia. kev pub - Thib 2, ed., Rev. thiab ntxiv rau. - Novosibirsk: Sib. univ. Tsev Luam Ntawv, 2004 .-- 496 p.

1. Lub chaw nyob ntawm cov ntawv xev disulfide hauv cov kua tshuaj insulin.

2. Kev teeb tsa ntawm cov amino acid seem hauv cov roj ntsha insulin

Cov nyhuv ntawm cov tshuaj insulin rau cov enzymes tseem ceeb hauv metabolic

Nplooj Nqaij Nqaij Ua Rau Cov Plag Nqaij Nqaij Nqa Nqis 1. Phosphodiesterase 1. Phosphodiesterase 1. LP-lipase

4. Pyruvate dehydrogenase ua haujlwm

4. Pyruvate dehydrogenase ua haujlwm

5. Phosphatase glycogen synthase thiab glycogen phosphorylase

5. Glycogen synthase phosphatase b. Acetyl-CoA-carboxylase Induction 1. Glucokinase 1. Glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase

6. Cov Piav Qab Zib-6-phosphate dehydrogenase Kev Tshawb Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase

Daim duab. 3 Txheej txheem ntawm insulin biosynthesis hauv β-hlwb ntawm islets ntawm Langerhans. ER - endoplasmic reticulum. 1 - kev tsim ntawm lub teeb liab peptide, 2 - kev sib txuas ntawm preproinsulin, 3 - kev tshem tawm ntawm cov teeb liab peptide, 4 - thauj ntawm proinsulin mus rau lub Golgi apparatus, 5 - hloov dua siab tshiab ntawm proinsulin rau insulin thiab C-peptide thiab suav nrog cov tshuaj insulin thiab C-peptide mus rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv zais cia, 6 - insulin secretion thiab C peptide.

4. Cov phiaj xwm dav dav rau cov hluavtaws cov kua dej los ntawm nws cov neeg ua ntej

Daim duab. 5 Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov kua dej los ntawm kev tsim ntawm ob txoj saw sib cais

Txoj kev tau txais cov tshuaj muaj zog ua noob neej cov tshuaj insulin

Qhov tsim muaj cuam tshuam txog kev ua liaj ua teb ntawm biotechnology, tshwj xeeb hauv kev tsim cov noob caj noob ces tib neeg cov tshuaj insulin rau kev tsim cov tshuaj uas siv hauv kev kho mob ntshav qab zib mellitus.

Cov txheej txheem yog nqa los ntawm kev tsim cov khoom tsim tawm ntawm cov protein ua ke uas muaj tib neeg proinsulin, Escherichia coli BL21 / pPINS07 (BL07) lossis Escherichia coli JM109 / pPINS07, cuam tshuam lub hlwb los ntawm kev sib cais, sib cais lub cev uas muaj cov protein ua ke.

Tom ntej no, kev ntxuav ua ntej ntawm lub cev cov kab ke, kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov protein thiab kho kom rov qab los ntawm cov ntawv pov thawj disulfide hauv cov tsis nrog 5-10 mM dithiothreitol thiab 1 mM EDTA yog nqa tawm, kev hloov pauv thiab kev ua kom huv ntawm renatured fusion protein los ntawm ion txauv chromatography.

Qhov kev txiav tawm ntawm cov protein sib xyaw yog nqa los ntawm kev sib koom tes ntawm hydrolysis ntawm trypsin thiab carboxypeptidase B ntawm qhov ntsuas qhov hnyav ntawm cov protein ua ke, trypsin thiab carboxypeptidase B 4000: 0.6: 0.9.

Kev ua kom huv ntawm cov kua dej yog ua los ntawm hydrophobic chromatography lossis rov qab rau theem siab ua tiav kua kua nyeem cov kua nyeem ua kom tiav, thiab kev rho tawm ntawm insulin los ntawm crystallization nyob rau hauv muaj cov ntsev ua ntej. Kev tsim tawm tso cai rau txo qis txheej txheem ntawm kev muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tib neeg cov tshuaj lom neeg thiab ua rau kom muaj ntau ntxiv.

Qhov tsim muaj cuam tshuam txog kev ua liaj ua teb ntawm biotechnology, tshwj xeeb hauv kev tsim cov noob caj noob ces tib neeg cov tshuaj insulin rau kev tsim cov tshuaj uas siv hauv kev kho mob ntshav qab zib mellitus.

Coj mus rau hauv tus account lub ntsiab kev ua tiav ntawm kev kho mob ntshav qab zib niaj hnub thiab cov lus pom zoo los ntawm World Health Organization, European lub teb chaws los ntawm xyoo 2001 ua tiav txoj kev hloov mus rau kev siv ntawm tib neeg insulin. Hauv qhov no, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov hau kev rau kev tsim cov tshuaj insulin uas siv cov qauv ntawm DNA thev naus laus zis kev ua haujlwm yog ib txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb.

Ib txoj kev paub rau cov ua noob caj noob ces tib neeg tsim insulin, uas muaj nyob rau hauv kev cog tus neeg tsim tawm E. Coli ua cov proinsulin, muaj ib ntu ntawm ob qho hluavtaws IgG los ua ke ntawm staphylococcal protein A.

Cov txheej txheem muaj hauv kev rhuav tshem cov kab mob hlwb, tau txais kev koom ua ke ntawm Taurus muaj cov proinsulin, yaj tag Taurus, oxidative sulfitolysis ntawm proinsulin, nws qhov kev hloov pauv, kev ua kom huv ntawm cov protein txaus los ntawm kev muaj keeb chromatography, ua kom pom tseeb ntawm Proinsulin nrog proteolytic enzymes (trypsin thiab carboxypeptidase B) thiab kev ua kom lub siab huv ntawm insulin nrog siab. chromatography (Nilson J., Jonasson P., Samuelsson E., Stahl S., Uhlen M. "Kev tsim ntau yam ntawm tib neeg insulin thiab nws C-peptide", Phau ntawv Journal ntawm biotechnology, 1996, v. 48, p. 241-250) Cov.

Qhov tsis zoo ntawm hom no yog tus nqi siab ntawm cov khoom thiab siv hauv kev tsim cov tshuaj tua kab mob insulin, uas tej zaum yuav nyob hauv cov khoom lag luam.

Ib txoj kev paub ntawm kev tsim cov roj tawm hauv tib neeg cov tshuaj insulin, uas muaj nyob rau hauv kev coj ua lub hlwb ntawm cov neeg tsim khoom lim E.

Coli DN5 a / pVK100, rhuav tshem cov kab mob hauv hlwb los ntawm kev ua kom tsis haum ultrasonic, cais lub cev muaj cov roj ntsha protein ntau los ntawm dej-soluble impurities los ntawm centrifugation, yaj lub cev hauv cov tsis xws luag muaj 8 M urea, 1 mM dithiothreitol, 0.1 M Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, rau 12-16 teev.

Cov txheej txheem ua kom tsis muaj zog yog tshem tawm los ntawm centrifugation, tom qab ntawd cov concentration ntawm dithiothreitol yog nce mus rau 10 mM thiab disulfide daim ntawv cog lus tau rov qab los ntawm 37 ° C rau 1 teev. Kev daws tau diluted 5 zaug nrog dej txias, kho kom haum rau pH 4.5 thiab muab ncu rau 2 teev ntawm 4 ° C los ua ib qho nag lossis daus.

Cov dej nag uas muaj cov protein ua ke tau sib cais los ntawm centrifugation thiab renatured, sai sai nyob rau hauv dej txias ntawm pH ntawm 10-12, tom qab ntawd nws tau diluted nrog 10 mM glycine tsis, pH 10.8, thiab khaws cia ntawm 4 ° C thaum hmo ntuj. Tom qab ultrafiltration, cov tshuaj tau raug tso rau gel pom ntawm lub Sephadex G-50 kem thiab eluted nrog 10 hli glycine tsis.

Cov kab nrib pleev uas muaj cov fusion protein yog sau, ultrafiltered, thiab khov-qhuav. Cov txiaj ntsig fusion protein yog yaj tawm hauv 0.08 M Tris-HCl tsis, pH 7.5, rau qhov tseem ceeb ntawm 10 mg / ml thiab sib xyaw ib txhij nrog trypsin thiab carboxypeptidase B (piv ntawm carboxypeptidase B: pivpsin: fusion protein 0.3: 1: 10) ntawm 37 ° C rau 30 feeb.

Tom qab ntawd ntxiv isopropanol mus rau 40%. Kev sib xyaw yog chromatographed rau ntawm DEAE-Sephadex A-25 kem thiab eluted nrog 0.05 M Tris-HCl tsis, pH 7.5 nrog 40% isopropanol nrog linear gradient ntawm sodium chloride los ntawm 0 txog 0.1 m. Tom qab tshem tawm isopropanol, qhov siab ntawm sodium chloride nce mus rau 25%, hloov pH mus rau 2.0 thiab sau cov tshuaj insulin precipitate.

(Chen J.-Q., Zhang H.-T., Hu M.-N., Tang J.-G., "Kev tsim cov tshuaj insulin rau hauv ib qhov system E. Coli nrog cov kua-tib neeg proinsulin raws li tau hais tawm) kev ceevfaj "Siv Biochemistry thiab Biotechnology, 1995, v. 55, p. 5-15).

Qhov tsis zoo ntawm hom qauv no suav nrog kev siv cov ntxaij lim dej gel hauv thawj theem, uas yuav tsum muaj cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb thiab ntau tus enzymes siv hauv kev tshem tawm ntawm cov protein ua ke.

Ib txoj kev paub txog kev tsim cov roj ntsha ua rau tib neeg cov kua dej, suav nrog kev tsim cov Escherichia coli JM109 / pPINS07, ua kom cov kab mob hauv cov hlwb tawg los ntawm kev sib cais, cais cov koom ua ke uas muaj cov protein ua ke, yaj lawv nyob rau hauv cov tsis muaj urea thiab dithiothreitol, renaturation thiab purification ntawm renatured hybridized protein. nag lossis daus ntawm cov tshuaj tsis haum nyob rau hauv 40% isopropanol ua raws los ntawm chromatography ntawm KM-sepharose, nws cov teeb meem sib txuam nrog trypsin thiab carboxypeptidase B, thaum cov khoom lag luam trypsinolysis yog chromatographed ntawm SP-Sepharose, sib npaug nrog 0.03-0.1 M ammonium acetate tsis pH 5.0-6.0 muaj 6 M urea, nrog protein elution nrog linear gradient ntawm sodium chloride los ntawm 0 txog 0.5 M thaum pib ntas, thiab cov insulin feem tau txais tom qab sib xyaw nrog carboxypeptidase B tau ua kom huv los ntawm kev rov qab qib siab ua kua kua nyeem (RP HPLC) tom qab ntawd los ntawm gel pom (Pat. RF No. 2141531, MKI C12P 21/02, tshaj tawm). Xyoo 1999)

Qhov tsis zoo ntawm txoj kev suav nrog kev siv cov khoom loj ntawm urea thiab organic solvents nyob rau theem ntawm kev ua kom huv ntawm cov protein sib xyaw.

Tus kws kho mob ntshav qab zib

Ua ntej siv cov tshuaj insulin, lub neej ua haujlwm ntawm tus neeg mob ntshav qab zib mellitus tsis ntev dua 10 xyoo. Qhov tsim muaj ntawm cov tshuaj no tau cawm ntau lab tus neeg mob. Tib neeg cov kev tsim kho tshuab hluav taws xob insulin yog qhov hloov tshiab tshaj plaws hauv kev tshawb fawb.

Qhov tshwm sim ntawm ntau xyoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm siab

Ua ntej qhov kev tsim tawm ntawm kev tsim kho caj ceg (tsim tshiab), insulin tau cais tawm ntawm cov leeg ntawm nyuj thiab npua.

Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov kab mob ntshav (insulin) thiab tib neeg tsuas yog ib qho amino acid

Qhov tsis zoo ntawm hom no ntawm kev tau txais cov tshuaj:

  • cov nyom ntawm kev cia khoom thiab kev thauj khoom ntawm cov khoom siv roj ntsha,
  • tsis muaj tsiaj txhu
  • teeb meem cuam tshuam nrog kev faib thiab kev huv huv ntawm pancreatic hormone,
  • kev pheej hmoo siab ntawm kev fab tshuaj tsis haum.

Xyoo 1982, lub sijhawm tshiab hauv biotechnological tau pib nrog kev sib txuas ntawm tib neeg cov tshuaj insulin hauv ib qho bioreactor. Yog hais tias thaum kaj ntug ntawm cov tshuaj insulin, lub hom phiaj ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb tsuas yog muaj txoj sia nyob ntawm tus neeg mob, hauv peb lub sijhawm txoj kev tsim tshuaj tshiab yog tsom rau kev ua tiav kev them nyiaj rau tus kabmob. Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm kev tshawb fawb yog txhawm rau txhim kho lub neej muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm tus neeg mob ntshav qab zib.

Kev thev naus laus zis

Hom tshuaj, nyob ntawm txoj ntawm kev npaj:

Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb FawbRau kev tsim khoom, ib hom tshuaj kho E. coli hloov pauv tau raug siv: Cov txiaj ntsig:

  • tsis muaj kev fab tshuaj tsis haum,
  • efficiency ntau lawm,
  • high degree ntawm huv si.
Qhov nyiam ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam caj ces yog E. coli
Hloov Cev Tes PauvCov khoom pib yog npua insulin. Nws tau hloov kho los ntawm cov qauv tsim hluav taws xob.Tus qauv lawm
Khoom cuaIb qho tshuaj synthesized, nyob rau hauv nws muaj pes tsawg leeg, ua tiav zoo nkaus li tib neeg cov tshuaj insulin.Tshuaj yeeb tsim tshuaj

Dab tsi tshwm sim hauv lub cev tom qab kev tswj hwm tshuaj?

Txuas nrog lub receptor ntawm lub cell membrane, insulin cov ntaub ntawv ib txoj hauv kev uas ua cov txheej txheem hauv qab no:

  1. Txhim kho kev thauj mus ntxiv hauv qab zib thiab pab txhawb nws txoj kev nqus.
  2. Txhawb nqa qhov tso tawm ntawm cov enzymes uas tau koom nrog hauv kev ua cov piam thaj.
  3. Nws txo tus nqi ntawm glycogen tsim nyob rau hauv daim siab.
  4. Stimulates rog thiab protein metabolism.

Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm subcutaneous tswj hwm, insulin pib ua nyob rau hauv 20-25 feeb. Lub sijhawm tiv thaiv ntawm cov tshuaj los ntawm 5 mus rau 8 teev. Nws tau ntxiv pov hwm los ntawm enzyme insulinase thiab ua rau hauv cov zis. Cov tshuaj tsis hla tus kheej thiab tsis kis mus rau niam mis.

Thaum twg yog qhov muaj kev qhia txog kev tsim cov tshuaj insulin?

Yog tias xav tau kev pab maj nrawm

Txhob kaw cov tib neeg cov tshuaj insulin yog siv rau hauv cov xwm txheej hauv qab no:

  1. Mob ntshav qab zib Hom 1 lossis hom 2. Nws yog siv raws li kev kho mob ib leeg lossis hauv kev sib xyaw nrog lwm cov tshuaj.
  2. Nrog kev tiv thaiv kab mob rau qhov ncauj hypoglycemic.
  3. Nrog ntshav qab zib rau cov poj niam cev xeeb tub.
  4. Thaum muaj teeb meem los ntawm ob lub raum thiab mob siab.
  5. Thaum hloov mus rau lub hli ntev-ua yeeb yam insulin.
  6. Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm preoperative.
  7. Xws li mob hnyav rau lub neej (hyperosmolar lossis ketoacidotic coma).
  8. Thaum muaj xwm ceev (ua ntej yug menyuam, nrog kev raug mob).
  9. Yog tias muaj cov tawv nqaij dystrophic mob (mob txhab rau sab hauv, txhaws ntswg).
  10. Kev kho mob ntshav qab zib tiv thaiv keeb kwm ntawm kev kis tus kab mob.

Tib neeg cov kev tsim kho tshuab ua kua tshuaj yog muaj kev tiv thaiv zoo thiab tsis ua rau ua xua, vim nws yog kiag li ntawm lub cev ntuj.

Kev tshuaj xyuas tas li yog qhov tseem ceeb!

Nws yog qhov txwv tsis pub sau ntawv rau tshuaj yog tias:

  • txos cov ntshav qab zib
  • hypersensitivity rau cov tshuaj.

Hauv thawj hnub tom qab teem caij siv tshuaj, ua tib zoo saib xyuas tus neeg mob yog tsim nyog.

Sab sij huam

Kev phom sij Urticaria! Quincke's edema!

Muaj qee zaus, thaum siv insulin, cov teebmeem hauv qab no yog qhov ua tau:

  • kev ua xua (urticaria, Quincke's edema, khaus ntawm daim tawv nqaij),
  • ib qho kev txo qis hauv cov ntshav qab zib (muaj qhov tshwm sim vim qhov tsis lees paub ntawm cov tshuaj los ntawm lub cev lossis thaum muaj xwm txheej tsis haum tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob),
  • tsis nco qab zoo
  • nyob rau hauv cov mob loj, kev txhim kho ntawm hypoglycemic coma yog ua tau,
  • nqhis dej, qhov ncauj qhuav, plhaw, tsis qab los noj mov,
  • hyperglycemia (thaum siv tshuaj tiv thaiv tiv thaiv keeb kwm ntawm kev kis tus kab mob los yog kub taub hau),
  • ntsej muag liab
  • cov kev hloov hauv cheeb tsam hauv thaj tsam ntawm kev tswj hwm (hlawv, khaus, mob atrophy lossis loj hlob ntawm cov roj ntsha subcutaneous).

Qee lub sij hawm hloov kho rau cov tshuaj muaj nrog kev cuam tshuam xws li o thiab qhov muag cuam tshuam. Cov tsos mob no feem ntau ploj tom qab ob peb lub lis piam.

Yuav ua li cas nrhiav tau cov tshuaj insin tiv thaiv kab mob hauv cov chaw muag tshuaj?

Cov tshuaj muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev daws rau kev tswj hwm parenteral:

"Biosulin"Sij hawm nruab nrab ntawm kev txiav txim
ActrapidLuv luv ua yeeb yam insulin
GensulinBiphasic npaj (ua ke ntawm luv luv thiab nruab nrab ntev insulins)
RinsulinCov nyhuv sai
Neej NeegLub hau koob txhaj tshuaj siv los tswj cov tshuaj.

Nws tsis yog ib qho nyuaj rau xaiv cov tshuaj insulin npaj rau tus account tus yam ntxwv ntawm tus neeg mob.

Cov nqe lus ntawm kev siv

Feem ntau feem ntau, kev tswj hwm ntawm lwm tus ntawm cov tshuaj insulin yog siv.

Hauv qee qhov xwm txheej ceev, cov tshuaj tau raug muab tswj hwm qhov quav tshuaj.

Hauv kev mob nyhav rau tus neeg mob

Txawm tias tus mob ntshav qab zib nrog kev paub dhau los tuaj yeem ua txhaum thaum siv tshuaj.

Txhawm rau kom zam dhau lub teeb meem, nws yog qhov tsim nyog:

  1. Ua ntej siv, kos lub hnub tas sij hawm ntawm cov tshuaj.
  2. Saib xyuas cov lus pom zoo cia: Cov vials yuav tsum tau muab cia rau hauv lub tub yees. Cov vial tsim tuaj yeem khaws cia ntawm chav tsev kub hauv qhov chaw tsaus.
  3. Nco ntsoov nco ntsoov qhov noj ntau npaum li cas: nyeem daim ntawv qhia tshuaj kom noj tshuaj dua.
  4. Ua ntej txhaj tshuaj, nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau tso tawm cua los ntawm cov phwj.
  5. Daim tawv nqaij yuav tsum huv, tab sis nws tsis xav siv cov cawv rau kev ua, vim nws txo qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov tshuaj.
  6. Xaiv qhov chaw zoo tshaj plaws rau kev txhaj tshuaj. Thaum qhia hauv qab daim tawv nqaij ntawm lub plab, cov tshuaj yuav ua sai dua. Kev nqus qeeb qis ntawm cov tshuaj insulin thaum qhia rau hauv lub ntsej muag gluteal lossis xub pwg.
  7. Siv tag nrho cov cheeb tsam saum npoo av (tiv thaiv cov teeb meem hauv zos). Qhov deb ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj yuav tsum muaj tsawg kawg yog 2 cm.
  8. Tsuag cov tawv nqaij hauv qhov pob taws kom txo qis kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev nkag mus rau hauv cov leeg nqaij.
  9. Xa cov koob txhaj tshuaj hauv qab daim tawv nqaij ntawm lub kaum sab xis kom cov tshuaj tsis xau.
  10. Thaum txhaj rau hauv lub plab, cov tshuaj insulin luv luv yog muab 20 feeb ua ntej noj mov. Thaum muaj kev xaiv ntawm lub xub pwg lossis pob tw - peb caug feeb ua ntej noj mov.

Ua ke nrog lwm cov tshuaj

Feem ntau muaj ntshav qab zib, tus neeg mob noj ntau yam tshuaj. Kev sib xyaw nrog lwm cov tshuaj tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov kev kho kab mob ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg mob tag nrho.

Txhawm rau tiv thaiv cov teeb meem, koj yuav tsum paub:

Nce cov nyhuv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob ntshav los ntawm kev txo cov ntshav qab zib
  • Sulfonamides.
  • MAO inhibitors (furazolidone).
  • ATP inhibitors (captopril).
  • Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nonsteroidal (diclofenac, tshuaj aspirin).
  • Androgens.
  • Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob (quinidine).
  • Cov tshuaj steroid anabolic.
  • Cov tshuaj tua kab mob Tetracycline (doxycycline).
  • Theophylline.
  • Morphine.
Ib hom tshuaj nrov uas siv hauv kev kho mob ntawm lub plab mob Doxycycline
Txo cov tshuaj insulin
  • Glucocorticoids (prednisone, hydrocortisone).
  • Estrogen-muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv qhov ncauj.
  • Kev tshuaj ntsuab
  • Amphetamines.
  • Cov thyroid hormones.
  • Sympathomimetics (adrenaline, mesatone, dopamine).
  • Glucagon.
Ua tib zoo mloog!

Noj ntau dhau

Qee qhov xwm txheej, kev tswj hwm tshuaj insulin ua rau cov ntshav qab zib poob qis. Qhov teeb meem feem ntau tshwm sim vim xaiv koob tshuaj tsis tsim nyog.

Cov tsos mob thawj zaug ntawm hypoglycemia:

  • tsis muaj zog
  • pallor ntawm daim tawv nqaij
  • ntxhov siab lub xeev
  • kiv taub hau
  • kev tsis zoo
  • loog ntawm caj npab, ceg, nplaig thiab daim di ncauj,
  • tshee hnyo
  • hws no
  • zoo nkaus kev tshaib kev nqhis
  • mob taub hau.

Kev kub ntxhov, kev cuam tshuam tam sim ntawd hauv kev noj qab nyob zoo

Yog tias koj pom cov tsos mob zoo li no hauv koj tus kheej, koj yuav tsum tau noj ib yam dab tsi sai uas muaj cov zom zom tau yooj yim. Nws tuaj yeem yog cov ncuav qab zib, khaub noom, ib qho piam thaj lossis khob cij dawb. Qab zib tshuaj yej pab nyob rau hauv tej qhov xwm txheej.

Yog tias tus mob loj zuj zus, koj yuav tsum hu rau lub tsheb tos neeg mob. Kev mob ntshav qog ntshav siab tuaj yeem ua rau tus neeg mob tsis xeev los yog tas sim neej.

Puas yog tus tsim txom insulin puas txaus ntshai?

Nyob zoo Recombinant insulin tsis txawv ntawm ntuj. Txhawm rau txais nws, cov kab mob hloov pauv hloov siv raug siv.

Siv cov thev naus laus zis kev tsim kho tshuab, qhov DNA tso tawm tshiab uas muaj cov insulin gene cog rau hauv lub cell E. coli. Hloov cov kab tsiaj txhu ntau ntxiv thiab tsim cov tshuaj hormone. Cov tshuaj yog qhov zoo heev thiab muaj kev ua haujlwm siab ntawm kev ua kom huv.

Cov tshuaj insulin Ntu II Microbiological insulin ntau lawm

kev sib koom ua ke - cuam tshuam yooj yim cais ntawm cov protein ua ke.

Hauv qhov no, ob qho ntawm cov khoom siv no tuaj yeem tuaj yeem sib sau ua ke nyob rau hauv cov lus sib xyaw ntawm cov protein.

Tsis tas li ntawd, thaum tsim cov protein ua ke, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm ntau txoj kev tuaj yeem siv tau (uas yog, ob peb daim ntawv luam ntawm cov phiaj polypeptide nyob hauv cov protein ua ke), uas tuaj yeem nce qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov khoom lag luam.

2 Kev nthuav qhia ntawm proinsulin hauv E. coli hlwb ..

Hauv kev ua haujlwm, cov kws sau ntawv siv hom mob JM 109 N1864 nrog nucleotide sib lawv liag tso rau hauv plasmid qhia cov hybrid protein, uas muaj linear proinsulin thiab Staphylococcus aureus protein fragment A txuas rau nws N-terminus los ntawm methionine residue.

Kev cog qoob loo ntawm cov roj ntsha uas muaj roj ntau ntau hauv cov hlwb ua rau muaj qhov pib ua kom tiav ntawm ib qho kev sib txuas ntawm cov protein, qhov kev rho tawm thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv cov raj uas ua rau cov kua dej insulin.

Lwm pawg ntawm cov kws tshawb nrhiav tau txais qhov muaj protein ntau nyob rau hauv cov kab mob qhia txog kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm tib neeg proinsulin thiab tus mob polyhistidine tus Tsov tus tw txuas rau nws los ntawm cov seem methionine. Nws tau cais siv cov chelate chromatography ntawm Ni-agarose cov kab los ntawm cov koom ua ke lub cev thiab zom nrog cyanogen bromide.

Kev teeb tsa thiab huab hwm coj tsom xam ntawm cov tau txais cov khoom tsim tawm los ntawm kev sib pauv ion chromatography ntawm anion txauv resin thiab RP (thim rov qab) HPLC (kev ua tau zoo kua nyeem ua kua chromatography) tau pom tias muaj cov disulfide choj sib haum rau cov disulfide choj ntawm cov tib neeg proinsulin. Daim ntawv tshaj tawm qhia txog kev txhim kho txoj hauv kev tshiab, txhim kho txoj hauv kev los tsim tib neeg cov tshuaj insulin los ntawm kev tsim kho caj ces hauv cov hlwb hauv prokaryotic. Cov kws sau ntawv tau pom tias cov tshuaj insulin hauv nws cov qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm lom neeg zoo ib yam li cov tshuaj hormones cais tawm los ntawm tus txiav.

Tsis ntev los no, kev mob siab rau tau them rau qhov kev yooj yim ntawm txoj kev los tsim cov tshuaj insulin los ntawm caj ces engineering. Yog li, cov sau phau ntawv tau txais fusion protein muaj xws li tus thawj coj peptide ntawm interleukin 2 txuas rau N-terminus ntawm proinsulin los ntawm lysine residue.

Cov protein tau ua tau zoo tshaj tawm thiab ib cheeb tsam hauv txhua lub cev. Tom qab sib cais, cov protein tau zom nrog trypsin los tsim cov tshuaj insulin thiab C-peptide. Lwm pawg kws tshawb fawb tau coj zoo ib yam li ntawd.

Ib qho kev sib xyaw protein ntau ntawm proinsulin thiab ob qhov chaw sib txuas ntawm staphylococcus Lub cev tiv thaiv protein IgG tau ua tiav hauv cov cev hauv lub cev, tab sis muaj cov lus qhia siab dua. Cov protein tau cais tawm los ntawm affinity chromatography siv IgG thiab ua tiav nrog trypsin thiab carboxypeptidase B.

Lub txiaj ntsig insulin thiab C-peptide tau ua kom huv los ntawm RP HPLC. Thaum tsim cov txheej txheem fused, huab hwm coj piv ntawm cov cab kuj muaj protein ntau thiab phiaj polypeptide tseem ceeb heev.

Yog li, kev ua haujlwm piav qhia txog kev tsim cov fusion qauv, qhov twg cov protein khi tib neeg cov ntshav dej albumin tau siv los ua cov kab mob polypeptide. Ib, peb thiab xya C-peptides tau txuas rau nws.

C-peptides tau txuas nrog lub taub hau-tw ua kom siv cov amino acid spacers nqa qhov chaw txwv Sfi I thiab ob qhov khoom seem nyob rau thaum pib thiab qhov kawg ntawm lub tog raj rau cov tom qab ua protein cais nrog trypsin. HPLC ntawm cov khoom lag luam pom tseeb tias qhov kev tshem tawm ntawm C-peptide yog qhov ntau, thiab qhov no tso cai siv cov multimeric hluav taws xob cov noob kom tau cov phiaj polypeptides ntawm kev ntsuas kev lag luam.

Kev ua haujlwm piav qhia txog kev npaj ntawm cov proinsulin mutant, uas muaj cov ntaub ntawv hloov ntawm Arg32Tyr. Thaum cov protein no tau sib xyaw nrog trypsin thiab carboxypeptidase B, cov tshuaj insulin haiv neeg thiab C-peptide uas muaj cov qog tyrosine tau tsim. Cov tom kawg, tom qab sau npe 125I, nquag siv hauv radioimmunoassay. 3 Kev ua kom huv ntawm cov tshuaj insulin.

Cov tshuaj insulin npaj rau kev tsim cov tshuaj yuav tsum yog cov siab ntshiab. Yog li no, txoj kev tswj kom zoo ntawm kev ua kom dawb huv ntawm cov khoom tau ntawm txhua theem ntawm kev tsim khoom yog qhov tsim nyog. Sij hawm dhau los, RP thiab IO (ion sib pauv) HPLC tau siv los ua kom muaj nuj nqis proinsulin-S-sulfonate, proinsulin, ib leeg A- thiab B-chains, thiab lawv cov S-sulfonates.

Kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb kuj tau them rau cov xim fluorescent insulin derivative. Hauv kev ua haujlwm, cov kws sau ntawv tshawb xyuas qhov siv tau thiab qhia qhov tseeb ntawm cov txheej txheem chromatographic hauv kev tshuaj ntsuam ntawm cov khoom ntawm txhua theem ntawm tib neeg cov insulin ntau lawm thiab teeb tsa cov sijhawm ua haujlwm ntawm chromatographic kom tau zoo cais thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom tiav.

Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kev tsim kho tau tsim kho los kom ua kom tiav thiab ua kom tiav cov txheej txheem rau kev txiav txim siab qhov kev ua kom huv thiab kom muaj nuj nqis ntawm cov tshuaj insulin.

Daim ntawv tshaj tawm qhia txog kev kawm txog kev muaj peev xwm siv RP kua nyeem ua kua hluav taws xob nrog kev tshawb nrhiav hluav taws xob rau kev txiav txim siab ntawm insulin, thiab cov txheej txheem rau kev txiav txim siab ntawm insulin cais tawm ntawm islet ntawm Langerhans los ntawm immunoaffinity chromatography nrog kev nrhiav kom tau hluav taws xob tau tsim.

Hauv kev ua haujlwm, tseem muaj peev xwm siv cov insulin sai sai microdetermination siv capillary electrophoresis nrog laser fluorescence nrhiav tau tshawb pom. Kev tsom xam yog ua los ntawm kev ntxiv rau cov piv txwv ib qho kev paub ntawm cov tshuaj insulin sau npe nrog phenylisothiocyanate (FITC) thiab Fab Fab ntawm cov monoclonal insulin antibodies. Cov ntawv lo thiab ib txwm insulins sib tw nrog cov Fab Fab ua ke. FITZ-sau npe insulin thiab nws cov nyom nrog Fab yog sib cais hauv 30 vib nas this.

Tsis ntev los no, ntau qhov kev ua haujlwm tau mob siab rau kev txhim kho ntawm cov hau kev rau kev tsim cov tshuaj insulin, nrog rau kev tsim cov ntaub ntawv ntau npaum li cas raws nws.

Piv txwv li, nyob hauv Asmeskas, hepatospecific insulin analogs yog ntawv sau txog, muaj cov txheej txheem sib txawv ntawm cov tshuaj hormones ntuj vim muaj kev qhia ntawm cov amino acid sib txawv ntawm txoj haujlwm 13-15 thiab 19 ntawm txoj saw A thiab ntawm txoj haujlwm 16 ntawm cov saw B.

Cov tshuaj analogues tau siv ntau qhov kev hloov kho ntawm cov niam txiv (cov leeg cev, nqaij, nqaij tawv), cov ntawv txhaj tshuaj lossis tshuaj pleev ib ce rau qhov tshuaj tshwj xeeb hauv kev kho mob ntshav qab zib mellitus. Ntawm qhov kev qhov tseeb yog kev tsim cov duab cov tshuaj uas tsis tas txhaj tshuaj.

Daim ntawv tshaj tawm cov lus tshaj tawm ntawm kev tsim cov macromolecular rau kev tswj hwm qhov ncauj, uas yog insulin immobilized hauv lub ntim ntawm ib qho polymer hydrogel hloov kho nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv proteolytic enzyme inhibitors. Qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov tshuaj no yog 70-80% ntawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm subcutaneously qhia cov tshuaj insulin ib txwm.

Hauv lwm qhov haujlwm, cov yeeb tshuaj tau los ntawm ib kauj ruam kev tsim tawm ntawm cov insulin nrog cov qe ntshav liab, noj hauv qhov sib piv ntawm 1-4: 100, nyob ntawm tus neeg sawv cev khi.Cov kws sau ntawv tshaj tawm tau txais cov tshuaj nrog ib qho kev ua si ntawm 1000 units / g, kev tiv thaiv tag nrho ntawm kev ua tom qab qhov ncauj tswj hwm thiab khaws cia rau ntau xyoo nyob rau hauv daim ntawv lyophilized.

Ntxiv nrog rau kev tsim cov tshuaj tshiab thiab cov ntawv siv tshuaj raws li cov tshuaj insulin, cov hauv kev tshiab tau tsim kho los daws teeb meem ntshav qab zib.

Yog li, tus sau phau ntawv kis GLUT2 glucose transporter protein cDNA yav dhau los stably kis nrog insulin cDNA tag nrho ntawm HEP G2 ins hlwb.

Hauv cov tau HEP G2 Insgl clones, cov piam thaj stimulates ze rau ib txwm muaj insulin zais thiab potentiates cov lus teb zais cia rau lwm cov kev tawm suab zais.

Immunoelectron microscopy qhia tawm cov tshuaj insulin-muaj cov granules sib luag nrog cov zoo sib xws hauv cov b hauv hlwb ntawm cov islets ntawm Langerhans. Txoj kev siv "dag b-cell" tau los ntawm kev tshawb fawb los ntawm caj ces engineering rau kev kho mob ntshav qab zib mellitus hom 1 tab tom muaj kev sib tham loj heev.

Nrog rau kev daws cov teeb meem uas tau ua dhau los, cov kev ua ntawm kev ua ntawm insulin, nrog rau kev teeb tsa kev ua haujlwm thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo hauv cov qauv molecule, tau kawm. Ib qho ntawm cov txheej txheem tshawb fawb yog kev tsim ntau yam kev qhia ntawm cov tshuaj insulin thiab kev kawm ntawm lawv lub cev lub cev thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob 23, 24.

Raws li tau hais los saud, ntau txoj hauv kev rau kev tsim cov tshuaj insulin yog ua raws li kev tsim cov tshuaj no hauv hom kev ua ntej (proinsulin), tom qab ntawd cov enzymatic cleavage rau insulin thiab C-peptide. Tam sim no, qhov kev sim cov roj ntsha tau ua rau pom tias C-peptide, uas ua rau nws siv tau rau kev siv kho mob nrog rau cov tshuaj insulin.

Hauv cov xwm txheej hauv qab no, cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev thiab txheeb raws roj ntsha ntawm C-peptide, nrog rau cov hau kev rau nws kev npaj, yuav raug txiav txim siab.

Biotechnology hauv kev tsim tshuaj

Ntawm kev txaus siab yog qhov kev tsim kho kom tau txais 20K version ntawm STGh. Ua txoj haujlwm tau zoo yog kom tau txais thiab kawm tsis tsuas yog ntau yam ntawv ntawm STH, tab sis kuj immobilized STH thiaj li yuav tau txais lub sijhawm ntev ntawm cov tshuaj hormones. Ib tus qauv qub tau tsim los kom tau txais tus mob immobilized STHch nrog kev ua ntev.

Nyob rau hauv kev sib txuam nrog kev tsim tawm ntawm STH, ib lub tshuab ua ke qub rau kev tsim adenohypophysis cov tshuaj hormones, suav nrog txhua hom tsiaj tshwj xeeb, thiab qee qhov lawv hloov kho los ntawm GST, tau tsim. Ntawm qhov tseem ceeb yog qhov kev siv ntawm lub phiaj xwm phiaj los tsim kho cov tshuaj tua kab mob STH (somatogen), tau los ntawm kev tsim kho caj ces.

Cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias, kev ua kom zoo rau txoj kev kho tus mob stunting, nws raug nquahu kom muaj nyob hauv cov khoom siv tshuaj zoo ntau yam kev npaj tshuaj tau los ntawm ntau yam thev naus laus zis lossis txawm tias txoj kev siv (MF, Ausomatin, Somatogen).

Kev kho mus sij hawm ntev (rau lub xyoo) nrog ib qho kev npaj ntawm STHh ua rau txo qis rhiab heev ntawm lub cev.

Hauv ib feem, qhov no tuaj yeem yog los ntawm kev tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, tab sis qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb yuav tsum tau nrhiav nyob rau theem ntawm kev txais thiab kev ua cov tshuaj hormones.

Ua haujlwm nrog GST, nrog rau kev kawm ntau yam ntawm cov tshuaj hormones zais cia thiab lawv cov ntaub ntawv ntau yam ua rau nws muaj peev xwm kawm cov tshuab tsim los ntawm xwm thiab nkag siab zoo dua rau lawv. Qhov muaj nyob ntawm ntau hom ntawv hauv paus cev ntawm STH hauv lub cev qhia tau tias lawv muaj peev xwm ua tau thiab siv tau, piv txwv, hauv chaw kho mob.

Thaum tsim cov tshuaj STHch tshiab, nws yog qhov tsim nyog ua ntej ntawm txhua yam los saib xyuas cov xeeb ceem ib txwm muaj ntawm cov tshuaj hormones thiab, yog tias tsim nyog, ntsuas lawv los ntawm caj ces engineering, raws li tau ua nrog STHch monomer.

Hauv kev tsim cov kev npaj STHch los ntawm GST, ib qho kev lag luam thev naus laus zis rau kev tsim tawm ntawm lwm cov tshuaj hormones ntawm adenohypophysis (LGH, FSHch, TTGch thiab lwm tus) tau ua tiav zoo. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog los ua kom zoo ntau lawm los ntawm kev qhia cov txheej txheem tshiab siab tshaj (kev sib raug zoo ntawm chromatography, thiab lwm yam)

), tau txais cov tshuaj hormones ntshiab tshaj plaws uas siv thev naus laus zis sib xyaw.

Nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau nthuav tawm kev tsim khoom thiab kev siv cov txheej txheem ntawm immunomicroanalysis ntawm cov tshuaj hormones ntawm adenohypophysis rau kev kuaj mob thiab biotechnology, txhawm rau nqa tawm cov kev cai tswj hwm cov txheej txheem tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm ntau cov nplai, los tsim cov kev npaj tshiab hauv STHch, suav nrog immobilized.

Qhov tseeb hais tias STH cuam tshuam cov protein, rog thiab ntxhia metabolism hauv lub cev, ua haujlwm ntawm qib cell tsis muaj lub hom phiaj ntawm lub cev, thiab yog ib qho anabolic, muab lub zeem muag zoo rau nws siv los txhawb cov txheej txheem kho thiab kho ntau yam kab mob. Kev kawm dav dua ntawm cov teeb meem no, nrog rau kev siv ntau yam kev hloov kho thiab kev hloov pauv ntawm STGch yog ib txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb thiab tau cog lus.

Tau txais cov tshuaj insulin hauv biotechnology

Cov tshuaj insulin, peptide hormone ntawm cov islets ntawm Langerhans ntawm lub txiav, yog qhov kev kho mob ntshav qab zib tseem ceeb. Tus kab mob no tshwm sim los ntawm insulin deficiency thiab tshwm sim los ntawm kev nce ntshav hauv cov ntshav qab zib. Txog thaum tsis ntev los no, insulin tau tawm los ntawm tus npua ntawm tus heev nyuj thiab tus npua.

Cov tshuaj sib txawv ntawm tib neeg cov insulin los ntawm 1-3 amino acid hloov chaw, yog li muaj kev hem thawj ntawm kev fab tshuaj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau menyuam yaus. Qhov kev siv dav dav hauv kev siv tshuaj insulin tau raug txwv los ntawm nws tus nqi siab thiab cov peev txheej tsawg.

Los ntawm kev hloov tshuaj, kev siv tshuaj insulin los ntawm cov tsiaj tau ua tsis txawv ntawm tib neeg, tab sis qhov no txhais tau tias nce ntxiv ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov khoom.

Txij li xyoo 1982, EliLilly tau tsim cov tshuaj tua kab los ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg raws li kev sib cais sib txawv ntawm E. coli A thiab B chains. Tus nqi ntawm qhov khoom tau poob qis ntau yam, qhov insulin tshwm sim zoo tib yam rau tib neeg. Txij xyoo 1980, tau muaj ntawv tshaj tawm hauv xov xwm txog kev teev lub cev ntawm cov proinsulin gene, ib yam tshuaj uas muaj lub zog ua ntej hloov zuj zus mus rau hauv daim ntawv loj hlob nrog cov kev tiv thaiv tsis txaus.

Tshuab encapsulation tseem siv rau kev kho mob ntshav qab zib: mob hlwb hauv cov hlab ntsha hauv tshuaj ntsiav, qhia ib zaug rau hauv tus neeg mob lub cev, tsim cov tshuaj insulin thaum xyoo.

Cov noob caj noob ces sib xyaw ua ke tau ua cov follicle-txhawb nqa thiab luteinizing cov tshuaj hormones. Cov peptides no yog tsim los ntawm ob ntu. Ntawm cov txheej txheem yog qhov kev lag luam synthesis ntawm oligopeptide cov tshuaj hormones ntawm cov leeg hlwb - enkephalins, ua los ntawm 5 amino acid seem, thiab endorphins, analogues ntawm morphine.

Thaum siv cov cim, cov peptides daws qhov mob, tsim kom muaj lub siab zoo, nce kev ua haujlwm, ua kom pom tseeb, txhim kho kev nco, thiab muab tso rau hauv kev pw tsaug zog thiab tsim kom tsaug zog.

Ib qho piv txwv ntawm daim ntawv thov kev vam meej ntawm kev tsim kho caj ces engineering yog qhov sib txuas ntawm p-endorphin siv cov tshuab ua ke nrog cov protein tau piav qhia saum toj no rau lwm cov peptide hormone, somatostatin.

Cov hau kev rau kev tsim tib neeg cov kua dej:

Keeb kwm, thawj txoj hauv kev kom tau cov tshuaj insulin rau cov hom phiaj kho yog qhov sib cais ntawm analogues ntawm cov tshuaj no los ntawm cov khoom siv hauv ntuj (islets ntawm tus txiav ntawm npua thiab nyuj).

Hauv 20s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, pom tias bovine thiab nqaij npuas insulins (uas ze rau tib neeg insulin hauv kev teeb tsa thiab cov amino acid sib txig sib luag) nthuav qhia kev ua hauv tib neeg lub cev piv rau tib neeg cov insulin. Tom qab ntawd, cov ntshav nyuj lossis npua hmoov tua tau siv rau kev kho mob ntawm cov neeg mob ntshav qab zib hom I.

Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab qee lub sijhawm nws tau qhia tias qee qhov kev tiv thaiv kab mob rau bovine thiab porcine insulin pib nthuav tawm hauv tib neeg lub cev, yog li negating lawv cov nyhuv.

Ntawm qhov tod tes, ib qho zoo ntawm cov qauv no ntawm kev tau txais cov tshuaj insulin yog qhov muaj kev pub noj tsiaj (bovine thiab nqaij npuas insulin tuaj yeem tau yooj yim nyob rau hauv ntau ntau), uas ua si lub luag haujlwm txiav txim siab nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm thawj txoj kev los tsim tib neeg cov insulin.Hom no yog hu ua hluavtaws ib nrab.

Hauv hom no ntawm kev tsim tib neeg lub cev, insulin npua tau siv los ua khoom noj. C-davhlau ya nyob twg octapeptide ntawm cov saw hlau B tau muab pov tseg los ntawm kev ua kom huv cov kab mob insulin, tom qab ntawd C-davhlau ya nyob twg octapeptide ntawm tib neeg cov kua dej los ua ke.

Tom qab ntawd nws tau txuas rau hauv tshuaj, cov tiv thaiv pawg tau raug tshem tawm thiab qhov tawm ntawm cov kua dej tau raug ua kom huv. Thaum kuaj cov hom no ntawm kev tau txais cov tshuaj insulin, qhov tseeb tag nrho ntawm cov tshuaj hormone tau txais rau tib neeg cov insulin tau qhia.

Qhov tsis zoo ntawm qhov qauv no yog tus nqi siab ntawm cov tshuaj insulin (txawm tias tam sim no, tshuaj lom neeg ntawm octapeptide yog ib qho kev txaus siab kim, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau qhov ntsuas ntawm kev lag luam).

Tam sim no, insulin tib neeg feem ntau tau los ntawm ob txoj hauv kev: los ntawm kev hloov kho ntawm cov kab mob porcine insulin los ntawm cov hluavtaws-enzymatic txoj kev thiab los ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic engineering hom.

Hauv thawj kis, cov txheej txheem yog ua raws li qhov tseeb tias npua insulin txawv ntawm tib neeg insulin hauv ib qho kev hloov pauv ntawm C-terminus ntawm Ala30Thr B saw.

Cov kev hloov ntawm alanine nrog threonine yog nqa tawm los ntawm enzyme-catalyzed cleavage ntawm alanine thiab qhov sib ntxiv ntawm threonine residue tiv thaiv los ntawm pab pawg carboxy hloov nws, uas yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv qhov loj dua hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sib xyaw. Tom qab cleavage ntawm pawg O-tert-butyl tiv thaiv, tib neeg cov tshuaj insulin tau txais.

Cov tshuaj Insulin yog thawj cov protein ua tau los rau kev siv lag luam siv DNA thev naus laus zis thev naus laus zis. Muaj ob txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb rau kev tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tib neeg cov roj ntsha insulin.

Hauv thawj kis, nyias muaj nyias (nyias cov neeg tsim khoom sib txawv) tau txais rau ob txoj saw hlau tom qab los ntawm folding ntawm cov qauv (tsim ntawm cov choj disulfide) thiab sib cais ntawm isoforms.

Hauv ob, ntau lawm hauv daim ntawv ua ntej (proinsulin) ua raws li kev zom plab enzymatic nrog trypsin thiab carboxypeptidase B rau daim ntawv foos nquag.

Tam sim no, nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws kom tau txais cov tshuaj insulin nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm tus ua ntej, uas saib xyuas qhov tseeb raug kaw ntawm qhov txuas disulfide (nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev npaj cais cov saw, cov kev voj voog txuas ntxiv ntawm denaturation, sib cais ntawm isoforms thiab renaturation yog nqa tawm).

Nrog ob txoj hauv kev, nws yog ob qho tib si rau tus kheej kom tau txais cov khoom pib (A- thiab B-chains lossis proinsulin), thiab ua ib feem ntawm cov protein ua ke. Ntxiv nrog rau A thiab B chains lossis proinsulin, cov protein ua ke yuav muaj:

1) cov cab kuj muaj protein - muab kev thauj mus los ntawm cov protein txuas mus rau qhov chaw periplasmic ntawm lub xov tooj ntawm tes lossis kab lis kev cai nruab nrab,

2) sib cuam tshuam sib xyaw - cuam tshuam yooj yim cais ntawm cov protein sib xyaw.

Hauv qhov no, ob qho ntawm cov khoom siv no tuaj yeem tuaj yeem sib sau ua ke nyob rau hauv cov lus sib xyaw ntawm cov protein. Tsis tas li ntawd, thaum tsim cov protein ua ke, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm ntau txoj kev tuaj yeem siv tau (uas yog, ob peb daim ntawv luam ntawm cov phiaj polypeptide nyob hauv cov protein ua ke), uas tuaj yeem nce qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov khoom lag luam.

Kev qhia txog cov proinsulin hauv E. coli hlwb ..

Strain JM 109 N1864 nrog lub nucleotide sib lawv liag qhia txog cov fusion protein, uas muaj cov kab tawm ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob thiab ib qho protein tawg ntawm A ntawm Staphylococcus aureus uas txuas rau nws N-terminus los ntawm cov methionine residue, tau siv.

Kev cog qoob loo ntawm cov roj ntsha uas muaj roj ntau ntau hauv cov hlwb ua rau muaj qhov pib ua kom tiav ntawm ib qho kev sib txuas ntawm cov protein, qhov kev rho tawm thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv cov raj uas ua rau cov kua dej insulin.

Lwm pawg ntawm cov kws tshawb nrhiav tau txais qhov muaj protein ntau nyob rau hauv cov kab mob qhia txog kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm tib neeg proinsulin thiab tus mob polyhistidine tus Tsov tus tw txuas rau nws los ntawm cov seem methionine. Nws tau cais siv cov chelate chromatography ntawm Ni-agarose cov kab los ntawm cov koom ua ke lub cev thiab zom nrog cyanogen bromide.

Kev teeb tsa thiab huab hwm coj tsom xam ntawm cov tau txais cov khoom tsim tawm los ntawm kev sib pauv ion chromatography ntawm anion txauv resin thiab RP (thim rov qab) HPLC (kev ua tau zoo kua nyeem ua kua chromatography) tau pom tias muaj cov disulfide choj sib haum rau cov disulfide choj ntawm cov tib neeg proinsulin. Nws tseem tseem tau tshaj tawm txog kev txhim kho ntawm txoj hauv kev tshiab, txhim kho txoj hauv kev los tsim tib neeg cov tshuaj insulin los ntawm kev tsim kho caj ces hauv cov hlwb hauv prokaryotic. Cov kws sau ntawv tau pom tias cov tshuaj insulin hauv nws cov qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm lom neeg zoo ib yam li cov tshuaj hormones cais tawm los ntawm tus txiav.

Tsis ntev los no, kev mob siab rau tau them rau qhov kev yooj yim ntawm txoj kev los tsim cov tshuaj insulin los ntawm caj ces engineering. Yog li, fusion protein tau txais nrog tus thawj coj peptide ntawm interleukin txuas rau N-terminus ntawm proinsulin los ntawm lysine residue. Cov protein tau ua tau zoo tshaj tawm thiab ib cheeb tsam hauv txhua lub cev.

Tom qab sib cais, cov protein tau zom nrog trypsin los tsim cov tshuaj insulin thiab C-peptide. Lwm pawg kws tshawb fawb tau coj zoo ib yam li ntawd. Ib qho kev sib xyaw protein ntau ntawm proinsulin thiab ob qhov chaw sib txuas ntawm staphylococcus Lub cev tiv thaiv protein IgG tau ua tiav hauv cov cev hauv lub cev, tab sis muaj cov lus qhia siab dua.

Cov protein tau cais tawm los ntawm IgG affinity chromatography thiab zom nrog trypsin thiab carboxypeptidase B. Cov tshuaj insulin thiab C-peptide tau ua kom huv los ntawm RP HPLC. Thaum tsim cov txheej txheem fused, huab hwm coj piv ntawm cov cab kuj muaj protein ntau thiab phiaj polypeptide tseem ceeb heev.

Kev tsim kho ntawm fusion tsim yog piav qhia qhov twg tib neeg cov ntshav albumin khi cov protein ntau yog siv los ua tus cab kuj polypeptide. Ib, peb thiab xya C-peptides tau txuas rau nws.

C-peptides tau txuas nrog lub taub hau-tw ua kom siv cov amino acid spacers nqa qhov chaw txwv Sfi I thiab ob qhov khoom seem nyob rau thaum pib thiab qhov kawg ntawm lub tog raj rau cov tom qab ua protein cais nrog trypsin. HPLC ntawm cov khoom lag luam pom tseeb tias qhov kev tshem tawm ntawm C-peptide yog qhov ntau, thiab qhov no tso cai siv cov multimeric hluav taws xob cov noob kom tau cov phiaj polypeptides ntawm kev ntsuas kev lag luam.

Tau txais ib qho tshuaj hloov pauv rau cov tsis haum, uas muaj cov tshuaj hloov ntawm Arg32Tyr. Thaum cov protein no tau sib xyaw nrog trypsin thiab carboxypeptidase B, cov tshuaj insulin haiv neeg thiab C-peptide uas muaj cov qog tyrosine tau tsim. Cov tom kawg, tom qab sau npe 125I, nquag siv hauv radioimmunoassay.

Cov tshuaj insulin npaj rau kev tsim cov tshuaj yuav tsum yog cov siab ntshiab. Yog li no, txoj kev tswj kom zoo ntawm kev ua kom dawb huv ntawm cov khoom tau ntawm txhua theem ntawm kev tsim khoom yog qhov tsim nyog. Sij hawm dhau los, RP thiab IO (ion sib pauv) HPLC tau siv los ua kom muaj nuj nqis proinsulin-S-sulfonate, proinsulin, ib leeg A- thiab B-chains, thiab lawv cov S-sulfonates.

Kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb kuj tau them rau cov xim fluorescent insulin derivative. Hauv kev ua haujlwm, cov kws sau ntawv tshawb xyuas qhov siv tau thiab qhia qhov tseeb ntawm cov txheej txheem chromatographic hauv kev tshuaj ntsuam ntawm cov khoom ntawm txhua theem ntawm tib neeg cov insulin ntau lawm thiab teeb tsa cov sijhawm ua haujlwm ntawm chromatographic kom tau zoo cais thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom tiav.

Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kev tsim kho tau tsim kho los kom ua kom tiav thiab ua kom tiav cov txheej txheem rau kev txiav txim siab qhov kev ua kom huv thiab kom muaj nuj nqis ntawm cov tshuaj insulin.

Cov kev tshawb fawb txog kev siv RP kua chromatography nrog kev nrhiav hluav taws xob rau kev txiav txim siab ntawm insulin yog qhia, thiab ib txoj hauv kev rau kev txiav txim siab ntawm insulin cais los ntawm Langerhans islet los ntawm immunoaffinity chromatography nrog kev nrhiav pom tau raug tsim.

Hauv kev ua haujlwm, tseem muaj peev xwm siv cov insulin sai sai microdetermination siv capillary electrophoresis nrog laser fluorescence nrhiav tau tshawb pom.Kev tsom xam yog ua los ntawm kev ntxiv rau cov piv txwv ib qho kev paub ntawm cov tshuaj insulin sau npe nrog phenylisothiocyanate (FITC) thiab Fab Fab ntawm cov monoclonal insulin antibodies. Cov ntawv lo thiab ib txwm insulins sib tw nrog cov Fab Fab ua ke. FITZ-sau npe insulin thiab nws cov nyom nrog Fab yog sib cais hauv 30 vib nas this.

Noob caj noob ces insulin

Cov lus nug ntawm dab tsi cov tshuaj insulin ua kom txaus siab tsis yog rau cov kws kho mob thiab cov kws muag tshuaj, tab sis kuj rau cov neeg mob ntshav qab zib mellitus, nrog rau lawv cov txheeb ze thiab cov phooj ywg.

Niaj hnub no, qhov tshwj xeeb no thiab cov tshuaj hormones tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv tuaj yeem tau los ntawm ntau cov ntaub ntawv raw siv tshwj xeeb tsim thiab ua tib zoo sim cov thev naus laus zis. Ua raws li tus txheej txheem ntawm kev npaj, cov insulin hauv qab no txawv:

  • Nqaij npuas los yog bovine, tseem hu ua khoom tsiaj
  • Hloov kho biosynthetic npua hloov
  • Txhob txwm tsim kho lossis tsim tseg
  • Hloov Cev Tes Pauv
  • Khoom cua

Cov nqaij npuas insulin tau siv ntev tshaj plaws rau cov ntshav qab zib. Nws daim ntawv thov tau pib rov qab rau 20s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem.

Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias nqaij npuas lossis tsiaj yog cov tshuaj tsuas yog txog thaum 80s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem. Yuav kom tau txais nws, tsiaj cov quav ua haujlwm yog siv.

Txawm li cas los xij, txoj kev no nyuaj yuav hu ua qhov zoo lossis qhov yooj yim: ua haujlwm nrog cov khoom siv roj ntsha tsis yog ib txwm yooj yim, thiab cov khoom siv raw nws tus kheej tsis txaus.

Tsis tas li ntawd, cov lus sib xyaw ntawm cov hlaws yeeb dawb tsis muaj kev sib txuam nrog cov qauv ntawm cov tshuaj hormones uas tsim los ntawm tus neeg noj qab haus huv: ntau yam amino acid seem muaj nyob hauv lawv cov qauv. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias cov tshuaj hormones tsim los ntawm cov txiav tsiaj txhu ntawm nyuj muaj qhov ntau dua ntawm qhov sib txawv, uas tsis tuaj yeem hu ua qhov tshwm sim zoo.

Hauv kev npaj zoo li no, ntxiv rau cov khoom ntshiab ntshiab multicomponent, cov khoom hu ua proinsulin muaj qhov tsis xwm yeem, cov khoom uas tsis tuaj yeem sib cais siv cov txheej txheem ntxuav niaj hnub no. Nws yog nws tus uas feem ntau dhau los ua kev phiv tshuaj, uas yog qhov phom sij tshwj xeeb rau menyuam yaus thiab cov laus.

Cov chaw muag tshuaj ib zaug xav rho nyiaj hauv cov ntshav qab zib. Muaj qhov paub tab paub xav txog cov tshuaj niaj hnub European, tab sis lawv ua kom ntsiag to txog nws. Tias.

Vim li no, cov kws tshawb fawb thoob ntiaj teb tau nyiam ntev los coj cov qauv ntawm cov tshuaj hormones uas tsim los ntawm cov tsiaj mus rau kev ua tiav nrog cov tshuaj tua kabmob ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm noj qab haus huv. Qhov kev cuam tshuam tiag tiag hauv cov chaw muag tshuaj thiab kev kho mob ntshav qab zib yog kev tsim cov tshuaj ib nrab hluavtaws tau los ntawm kev hloov cov amino acid alanine hauv kev npaj tsiaj nrog threonine.

Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ib txoj kev ua hluavtaws ib nrab rau kev tsim cov tshuaj hormones yog ua raws li kev siv tsiaj npaj. Hauv lwm lo lus, lawv tsuas yog yauv hloov kho thiab ua zoo ib yam rau cov tshuaj hormones tsim los ntawm tib neeg. Ntawm lawv qhov zoo yog sib xws nrog tib neeg lub cev thiab qhov tsis muaj kev tsis haum tshuaj.

Qhov tsis zoo ntawm hom no suav nrog kev tsis txaus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyoos thiab qhov nyuaj ntawm kev ua haujlwm nrog cov khoom siv roj ntsha, nrog rau tus nqi siab ntawm ob qho tib si thev naus laus zis thiab cov tshuaj ua kom tshwm sim.

Hauv qhov no, cov tshuaj zoo tshaj plaws rau kev kho mob ntshav qab zib yog tso cov tshuaj insulin tau los ntawm kev tsim hluav taws xob.

Qhov tsis tau tshwm sim, nws yog feem ntau hu ua cov tshuaj tua kab mob ua kua, yog li qhia txog txoj kev tau txais nws, thiab cov khoom tiav tau hu ua tib neeg cov tshuaj insulin, yog li hais txog nws qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj tawm rau cov tshuaj hormones tsim tawm los ntawm tus txiav ntshav ntawm tus neeg noj qab haus huv.

Ntawm qhov zoo ntawm kev tsim hluav taws xob engineering insulin, ib qho tseem yuav tsum nco ntsoov nws cov qib siab ntawm kev coj dawb huv thiab tsis muaj proinsulin, ntxiv rau qhov tseeb tias nws tsis ua rau muaj kev tsis haum tshuaj thiab tsis muaj kev sib kis.

Cov lus nquag nquag nug tau yog to taub: dab tsi tiag yog insbinant insulin ua los ntawm? Nws hloov tawm tias qhov tshuaj hormones no yog tsim los ntawm cov poov xab kab mob, nrog rau Escherichia coli, muab tso rau hauv nruab nrab tshwj xeeb cov as-ham. Ntxiv mus, qhov nyiaj ntawm cov tshuaj tau yog ntau li ntawd nws muaj peev xwm ua kom tiav kev siv tshuaj uas tau txais los ntawm tsiaj cov plab hnyuv siab raum.

Tau kawg, qhov no tsis yog hais txog cov kab mob E. yooj yim, tab sis hais txog kev hloov kho gene thiab muaj peev xwm tsim cov tshuaj lom neeg tib neeg cov roj ntsha insulin, cov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov khoom ua tau zoo tib yam li cov tshuaj hormones uas tsim los ntawm cov hlwb ntawm cov txiav ntawm tus neeg noj qab haus huv.

Qhov zoo ntawm kev tsim hluav taws xob engineering insulin tsis yog nws qhov tsis sib xws rau tib neeg lub cev, tab sis kuj yog qhov yooj yim ntawm kev npaj, muaj peev txheej ntawm cov khoom nyoos thiab tus nqi pheej yig.

Cov kws tshawb fawb thoob ntiaj teb hu rau kev tsim cov tshuaj insulin muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev kho mob ntshav qab zib. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov kev tshawb pom no zoo heev thiab tseem ceeb uas nws nyuaj rau overestimate nws.

Nws yooj yim txaus kom nco ntsoov tias niaj hnub no yuav luag 95% ntawm qhov xav tau cov tshuaj hormones no yog tau txais kev pab los ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob.

Tib lub sijhawm, ntau txhiab tus neeg uas yav dhau los ua xua rau kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj tau muaj lub sijhawm muaj lub neej zoo.

Kuv muaj ntshav qab zib tau 31 xyoos. Tam sim no nws muaj kev noj qab nyob zoo lawm. Tab sis, cov tshuaj ntsiav no nkag tsis tau rau cov neeg dog dig, lawv tsis xav muag cov khw muag tshuaj, nws tsis muaj txiaj ntsig rau lawv.

Yuav ua li cas tib neeg lub tshuab engineering insulin ua haujlwm

Hauv kev kho mob ntawm hom 1 mob ntshav qab zib mellitus, ob-theem tib neeg kev tshawb fawb engineering siv los ua. Hauv cov khw muag tshuaj, nws tau muag hauv txoj kev daws teeb meem thiab muaj lub cim "Hlub". Hom kab mob thib ob tseem tuaj yeem kho nrog cov tshuaj zoo li no yog tias cov tshuaj kho mob tsis haum rau cov ntshav qab zib.

Txhob txwm siv cov tshuaj insulin kuj tseem siv tau yog tias tus neeg muaj mob taub hau mob plab. Cov kws kho mob feem ntau hais kom txhaj tshuaj rau cov poj niam cev xeeb tub uas kuaj tau tias mob ntshav qab zib mellitus thaum noj tshuaj muaj ntshav qab zib thiab tshuaj noj pab tsis tau.

Feem ntau, cov tshuaj pleev txhob kaw lossis GMOs tau siv thaum yug menyuam, thaum lawv tau phais, lossis yog tias tus mob ntshav qab zib tau raug mob hnyav. Cov tshuaj tso cai rau koj kom xyuam xim hloov mus rau kev siv ntawm kev ua yeeb yam sai.

  1. Ua ntej siv insulin biphasic tib neeg kev tsim kho tshuab, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum ua qhov kev sim thiab tshuaj xyuas seb cov tshuaj no puas haum rau tus neeg mob. Yog tias tus mob ntshav qab zib qhia cov ntshav qab zib kom tsawg, kev siv cov tshuaj tsis pom zoo.
  2. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua ntawm qhov kev daws teeb meem yog cov txhob kaw cov tshuaj insulin ua haujlwm nrog rau lub hlwb, uas ua rau kev tsim cov nyuaj. Thaum cov hlwb nkag mus rau cov nyuaj no, lawv tau ua rau lub hlwb thiab pib ua haujlwm ntau dua. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, ntau cov enzymes yog tsim.
  3. Hauv cov txheej txheem, cov piam thaj yuav nqus tau sai, carbohydrates uas nkag rau hauv lub cev yog ua tiav. Yog li, lub siab ua cov kua nplaum ntev dua, thiab cov protein yuav nqus tau sai dua.

Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua yeeb tshuaj yog nyob ntawm qhov ntau npaum, hom tshuaj insulin, kev xaiv qhov chaw txhaj tshuaj. Cov txheej txheem twg yuav tsum tau ua tsuas yog tom qab kev pom zoo nrog tus kws kho mob uas koom nrog. Thawj qhov kev txhaj tshuaj yog ua hauv qab kev saib xyuas mob.

Kev pom zoo rau kev siv tshuaj

Nyiam los yog insulin biphasic tib neeg cov kev tshawb fawb engineering muaj npe sib txawv. Tsis tas li, cov tshuaj hormones tuaj yeem sib txawv hauv lub sijhawm ua haujlwm, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev npaj daws. Cov khoom lag luam muaj npe raws li hom tshuaj insulin.

Txhob txwm ua cov tshuaj insulins yog ib feem ntawm cov tshuaj xws li Humudar, Vozulim, Actrapid. Insuran, Gensulin. Nov tsis yog tag nrho cov tshuaj no, lawv tus lej muaj ntau heev.

Tag nrho cov tshuaj saum toj no sib txawv ntawm kev sib kis hauv lub cev.GMOs tuaj yeem siv sijhawm ntau teev lossis nquag ua haujlwm rau ib hnub nkaus.

Kev sib xyaw ob-theem tshuaj muaj xws li tshuaj uas muaj qee yam tshuaj uas hloov lub sijhawm sib xyaw nrog cov tshuaj.

  • Cov tshuaj no tau muag hauv daim ntawv sib tov, suav nrog cov tshuaj hormones tau hloov caj.
  • Cov nyiaj no suav nrog Mikstard, Insuman, Gansulin, Gensulin.
  • Cov tshuaj tau siv ob zaug ib hnub, ib nrab teev ua ntej noj mov. Xws li lub kaw lus yuav tsum nruj me ntsis, vim tias qhov hormone cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau lub sijhawm ntawm kev pub zaub mov noj.

Los ntawm cov noob tsim cov tshuaj insulin ntawm tib neeg, ib qho kev npaj tau txais uas muaj lub sijhawm nruab nrab ntev.

  1. Qhov kev daws teeb meem yuav siv sij hawm li ntawm 60 feeb, tab sis lub sij hawm ntawm qhov siab tshaj plaws tau pom ntawm rau mus rau 7 teev tom qab kev txhaj tshuaj.
  2. Cov tshuaj raug tshem tawm ntawm lub cev tag nrho tom qab 12 teev.
  3. Cov tshuaj no suav nrog Insuran, Insuman, Protafan, Rinsulin, Biosulin.

Tseem muaj GMOs uas muaj lub sijhawm luv luv ntawm lub cev. Cov no suav nrog cov tshuaj Insulin Actrapid, Gansulin, Humulin, Insuran, Rinsulin, Bioinsulin. Cov insulins no muaj theem pib tom qab ob mus rau peb teev, thiab thawj cov cim ntawm kev ua ntawm cov tshuaj tuaj yeem pom hauv ib nrab teev tom qab txhaj tshuaj.

Ua ntej cov tshuaj insulin raug tswj, GMOs yuav tsum tau tshuaj xyuas kom pom kev pob tshab thiab tsis muaj cov tshuaj txawv teb chaws hauv cov kua. Yog tias cov tshuaj txawv teb chaws raug kuaj pom hauv cov tshuaj, ua kom phom sij lossis nag lossis daus tshwm sim, lub vial yuav tsum tau muab pov tseg - cov tshuaj tsis haum rau kev siv.

Cov insulin siv yuav tsum nyob ntawm chav sov. Cov tshuaj ntawm lub cev yuav tsum raug kho yog tias cov mob ntshav qab zib muaj kev kis kab mob, cov thyroid tsis ua haujlwm, Addison's disease, hypopituitarism, thiab mob raum ntev.

Kev tawm tsam ntawm kev mob ntshav qab zib yog ua tau nrog kev noj tshuaj ntau dhau, nyob rau hauv kev hloov pauv ntawm ib hom tshuaj insulin tshiab, vim tsis noj zaub mov los yog lub cev tsis zoo. Tsis tas li ntawd qhov txhaum yuav yog cov kab mob uas txo qis qhov kev xav tau - muaj ntshav siab ntau ntawm lub raum, kab mob siab, txo cov thyroid caj pas, mob adrenal cortex, thiab lub qog pituitary.

  1. Kev poob qis hauv cov ntshav qab zib yog ua tau nrog qhov hloov pauv ntawm thaj chaw txhaj tshuaj. Yog li, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum hloov ntawm ib hom insulin tsim nyog thiab tsuas yog tom qab kev pom zoo nrog tus kws kho mob koom nrog.
  2. Yog tias tus mob ntshav qab zib siv cov tshuaj insulin luv luv, qee zaum cov ntim ntawm cov nqaij rog poob qis ntawm qhov chaw txhaj tshuaj lossis, hloov pauv ntxiv. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv qhov no, kev txhaj tshuaj yuav tsum tau ua nyob hauv ntau qhov chaw.

Cov poj niam cev xeeb tub yuav tsum paub txog qhov yuav tsum tau muaj insulin txawv txav thaum sib txawv ntawm cev xeeb tub. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, koj yuav tsum tau ua qhov kev sim ntshav qab zib txhua hnub nrog glucometer.

Qhov kev txiav txim ntawm insulin ntawm tib neeg lub cev tau piav qhia txhua yam nyob rau hauv video hauv tsab xov xwm no.

1. Cov qauv thiab cov haujlwm ntawm cov tshuaj insulin 5

1.1. Tus qauv ntawm cov tshuaj insulin molecule 5

1.2 .2. Qhov txheeb raws roj ntsha tseem ceeb ntawm insulin 7

1.3. Tshuaj Insulin Biosynthesis 8

2. Genetic engineering insulin synthes 10

2.1. Kev siv cov noob caj noob ces kev ua haujlwm rau kev sib txuas ntawm cov tshuaj 10

2.2. Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Txoj Kev Ntsuas 11

2.3. Genetic engineering insulin ntau lawm 14

Xaus 18

Tshuav cov tsos mob

Thaum siv cov tshuaj insulin, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom ua raws li kws kho mob cov lus pom zoo thiab soj ntsuam qhov tseeb ntau npaum li cas ntawm cov tshuaj kom noj.

Yog tias tsis ua raws li txoj cai thiab kev noj ntau dhau, cov ntshav qab zib tau pib mob taub hau heev, mob plab, tshaib plab, tawm hws, nce lub plawv dhia, lub plawv dhia, ua haujlwm dhau, thiab kev npau taws. Ua neeg nyob hauv lub cev thiab ua rau tshee co.

Xws li cov tsos mob zoo sib xws rau cov cim qhia txog kev txo ntshav qab zib.Nrog rau cov kev mob tshwm sim me me, tus mob ntshav qab zib tuaj yeem daws teeb meem thiab txhim kho tus mob. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, noj khoom qab zib lossis lwm yam khoom qab zib uas muaj suab thaj.

  • Yog tias mob ntshav qab zib tsis nco qab tshwm sim, lawv siv txoj kev daws teeb meem, cov tshuaj tau muab tshuaj kom txog thaum tus neeg nco qab. Ntawm thawj cov cim uas tsis txaus ntseeg, nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau hu rau lub tsheb tos neeg mob, uas yuav tuaj yeem coj tus neeg mob mus rau kev tuag los ntawm kev siv thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev.
  • Raws li cov kev mob tshwm sim tom qab siv GMOs, ib tus neeg muaj pob nyob rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij ua urticaria, qhov chaw hauv lub cev o tuaj, ntshav siab poob qis, khaus thiab ua tsis taus pa tuaj yeem tshwm sim. Qhov no yog kev ua xua ntawm kev quav yeeb tshuaj, uas tom qab ib pliag tuaj yeem ploj nws tus kheej yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam kev kho mob. Yog tias qhov xwm txheej pheej txuas ntxiv, koj yuav tsum sab laj nrog koj tus kws kho mob.
  • Nyob rau thawj hnub ntawm kev noj cov tshuaj insulin, cov neeg mob ntshav qab zib feem ntau ua rau lub cev qhuav dej, tus neeg muaj lub cev tsis muaj dej, tsis qab los noj mov tsis zoo, txhaws ntawm caj npab thiab txhais ceg tshwm, thiab tsaug zog tas li. Cov tsos mob zoo li no feem ntau yog mus sai thiab tsis rov ua dua.

Xyuas thiab lus hais

Kuv muaj ntshav qab zib hom 2 - tsis yeem insulin. Ib tug phooj ywg qhia txo cov ntshav qab zib nrog DiabeNot. Kuv tau txiav txim hauv Is Taws Nem. Pib kev txais tos.

Kuv ua raws kev noj haus tsis nruj, txhua tag kis kuv pib taug kev 2-3 km ntawm ko taw. Dhau ob lub lis piam dhau los, Kuv pom tias cov piam thaj txo qis hauv lub khob thaum sawv ntxov ua ntej noj tshais ntawm 9.3 txog 7.1, thiab txawm mus txog 6 nag hmo.

1! Kuv txuas ntxiv chav tiv thaiv. Kuv yuav tsis sau npe txog qhov ua tiav.

Margarita Pavlovna, Kuv tseem zaum ntawm Diabenot tam sim no. SD 2. Kuv tiag tiag tsis muaj sijhawm rau kev noj zaub mov thiab taug kev, tab sis kuv tsis tsim txom cov khoom qab zib thiab carbohydrates, Kuv xav tias XE, tab sis vim muaj hnub nyoog, qab zib tseem siab.

Cov txiaj ntsig yuav tsis zoo li koj qhov, tab sis rau 7.0 qab zib tsis tuaj tawm rau ib lub lim tiam. Dab tsi glucometer koj ntsuas ntsuas qab zib nrog? Nws puas tau qhia koj ntshav lossis ntshav tagnrho? Kuv xav piv qhov txiaj ntsig los ntawm kev noj cov tshuaj.

Ua tsaug ntau ntau rau ib cov xwm txheej qhia.

Genetic engineering insulin ntau lawm

Txhawm rau kom tus neeg xav tias lub cev noj qab nyob zoo, koj yuav tsum saib xyuas cov qib ntawm insulin hauv lub cev. Qhov tshuaj hormones no yuav tsum muaj txaus kom cov piam thaj tsis ntau hauv cov ntshav. Txwv tsis pub, yog tias muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm metabolic, tus kws kho mob kuaj mob ntshav qab zib.

Txoj kev kho rau qib tom qab ntawm ntshav qab zib mellitus yog kom rov ntxiv cov tshuaj insulin uas ploj lawm, uas tsis tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm lub cev. Rau qhov no, cov kua dej insulin yog siv, uas zoo ib yam li cov neeg muaj roj ntsha hauv lub cev. Lub txiav ua lub luag haujlwm rau lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov tshuaj hormones no.

Rau kev tsim cov tshuaj insulin, tsis tsuas yog cov thev naus laus zis rau kev tsim cov tshuaj hormones ntuj, cov tuam txhab tsim khoom kuj tseem siv cov insulin hloov khoom siv. Cov tshuaj cim "solubilis" yog qhia tias soluble.

Hom tshuaj

Nyiam los yog insulin biphasic tib neeg cov kev tshawb fawb engineering muaj npe sib txawv. Tsis tas li, cov tshuaj hormones tuaj yeem sib txawv hauv lub sijhawm ua haujlwm, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev npaj daws. Cov khoom lag luam muaj npe raws li hom tshuaj insulin.

Txhob txwm ua cov tshuaj insulins yog ib feem ntawm cov tshuaj xws li Humudar, Vozulim, Actrapid. Insuran, Gensulin. Nov tsis yog tag nrho cov tshuaj no, lawv tus lej muaj ntau heev.

Tag nrho cov tshuaj saum toj no sib txawv ntawm kev sib kis hauv lub cev. GMOs tuaj yeem siv sijhawm ntau teev lossis nquag ua haujlwm rau ib hnub nkaus.

Kev sib xyaw ob-theem tshuaj muaj xws li tshuaj uas muaj qee yam tshuaj uas hloov lub sijhawm sib xyaw nrog cov tshuaj.

  • Cov tshuaj no tau muag hauv daim ntawv sib tov, suav nrog cov tshuaj hormones tau hloov caj.
  • Cov nyiaj no suav nrog Mikstard, Insuman, Gansulin, Gensulin.
  • Cov tshuaj tau siv ob zaug ib hnub, ib nrab teev ua ntej noj mov. Xws li lub kaw lus yuav tsum nruj me ntsis, vim tias qhov hormone cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau lub sijhawm ntawm kev pub zaub mov noj.

Los ntawm cov noob tsim cov tshuaj insulin ntawm tib neeg, ib qho kev npaj tau txais uas muaj lub sijhawm nruab nrab ntev.

  1. Qhov kev daws teeb meem yuav siv sij hawm li ntawm 60 feeb, tab sis lub sij hawm ntawm qhov siab tshaj plaws tau pom ntawm rau mus rau 7 teev tom qab kev txhaj tshuaj.
  2. Cov tshuaj raug tshem tawm ntawm lub cev tag nrho tom qab 12 teev.
  3. Cov tshuaj no suav nrog Insuran, Insuman, Protafan, Rinsulin, Biosulin.

Tseem muaj GMOs uas muaj lub sijhawm luv luv ntawm lub cev. Cov no suav nrog cov tshuaj Insulin Actrapid, Gansulin, Humulin, Insuran, Rinsulin, Bioinsulin. Cov insulins no muaj theem pib tom qab ob mus rau peb teev, thiab thawj cov cim ntawm kev ua ntawm cov tshuaj tuaj yeem pom hauv ib nrab teev tom qab txhaj tshuaj.

Cov tshuaj zoo li no tawm tag nrho tom qab rau teev.

Kev siv cov tshuaj insulin soluble tib neeg cov ntaub ntawv kho mob ntshav qab zib

Tib neeg cov kev tsim cov tshuaj insulin yog qhov hloov cov tshuaj hormone rau cov insulin uas tsim tawm ua tus txiav ua ke.

Tsis tsuas yog hloov caj ces tib neeg cov tshuaj hormones siv rau synthesis, tab sis kuj tseem tsim cov tshuaj synthetically. Lwm qhov kev paub zoo rau kev tsim cov tshuaj yog kev siv cov hloov kho npua insulin, vim hais tias

nyob rau hauv nws cov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab ua haujlwm, nws yog qhov ze rau tib neeg.

Genetic engineering insulin ntau lawm lub sijhawm.

Kev taw qhia thiab contraindications

Txhob txwm siv cov tshuaj insulin tuaj yeem siv tau rau ob hom ntshav qab zib mellitus thiab hom 2 mob ntshav qab zib, thaum muaj kev cuam tshuam cov tshuaj tiv thaiv qhov ncauj nrog qhov hypoglycemic xwm tau pom.

Nws tuaj yeem siv tau thaum tus neeg mob nyob hauv qee yam tsis nco qab. Yog tias tus poj niam cev xeeb tub tab tom pib mob ntshav qab zib, tom qab ntawd kev siv engineering hauv tsev yog tso cai, tab sis tsuas yog tias cov khoom noj tsis pab cuam tshuam rau cov piam thaj. Nws siv yog pom zoo nyob rau hauv cov kis mob nrog tus mob sib kis tau hauv hyperthermia tuaj yeem pom.

Kev npaj cov noob muaj kev vam meej hauv lawv txoj kev siv thaum yug menyuam, kev ua haujlwm, kev raug mob, kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub cev thiab qhov xwm txheej hloov maj mam mus rau insulin nrog kev ua ntev.

Nws yog txwv tsis pub siv cov tshuaj xaj los hloov cov tshuaj hormone nrog hypersensitivity rau qee yam ntawm cov tshuaj thiab nrog hypoglycemia.

Pharmacological kev txiav txim ntawm cov tshuaj

Tshuaj ntawm hom no hnov ​​mob nrog qee qhov tau txais ntawm daim nyias nyias ntawm tes, ua rau nriaj nrog lawv. Thaum nws nkag mus rau hauv cov hlwb, kev sib txuam ntawm cov tshuaj cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm, txhawb nws kom nquag plias thiab ua cov enzymes ntxiv.

Cov piam thaj hauv lub ntsej muag poob vim qhov tseeb tias nws ua tiav nrawm dua los ntawm cov cell. Tom qab ntawd, cov txheej txheem lipogenesis, cov protein ntau yog ua kom nrawm thiab lub nrawm nrawm los ntawm kev tsim cov piam thaj yog txo qis.

Lub sijhawm ntawm cov tshuaj yuav nyob ntawm qhov chaw txhaj tshuaj, hom tshuaj, ntau npaum li cas thiab cov lus teb ntawm tib neeg lub cev. Tsuas yog tus kws kho mob tuaj yeem tsim koob tshuaj thiab sau ntawv sau qee yam tshuaj rau hauv pawg no. Hauv thawj lub sijhawm ntawm kev siv tshuaj, tus neeg mob tau saib xyuas los ntawm cov kws kho mob kom pom tias cov tshuaj tsis kam lees.

Piv Txwv Txog Kev Ua Phem Rau Neeg Ua Caj Cuam Tshuam Neeg Tej Tshuaj

Tib neeg kev tsim cov tshuaj insulin muaj nyob hauv cov tshuaj zoo xws li Insuran, Insuman, Vozulim, Penfill, Biosulin, Gensulin, Actrapid, Rinsulin, Humulin, Humudar, Rosinsulin thiab lwm yam.

Muaj ntau hom insulin.Ib qho ntawm kev faib tawm muaj kev txhawj xeeb txog lub sijhawm ntawm siv yeeb siv tshuaj. Raws li nws, insulin soluble tuaj yeem muaj qhov ua haujlwm luv thiab ntev. Muaj cov tshuaj sib xyaw ua ke (biphasic insulin), uas muaj cov tshuaj ntawm ob leeg sai thiab ntev ua.

Hom tshuaj no hu ua hom sib xyaw. Ntawm lawv, muaj cov uas tau tsim nrog kev hloov pauv ntawm tib neeg hormone. Insulin ob-theem yog Mikstard, Gansulin, Insuman, Humulin thiab Gensulin. Lawv yuav tsum tau siv ob zaug nyob rau ib hnub, ib nrab teev ua ntej noj mov.

Qhov no yog vim qhov tseeb tias muaj ob-theem tshuaj insulin muaj cov yeeb yam ua luv luv, qhov kev nqus ntawm qhov uas nyob ntawm kev noj haus.

Ib qho kev sib piv hauv engineering ntawm tib neeg cov tshuaj hormones yog nyob ntawm cov tshuaj nrog nruab nrab ntev ntawm lub sijhawm. Qhov tshuaj lom insulin no pib ua tom qab ib teev, thiab lub siab tshaj plaws ntawm nws cov haujlwm tshwm sim tom qab 7 teev. Tom qab 12 teev, nws tau tso tawm kom pom. Cov tib neeg muaj roj kho cov tshuaj ntawm pawg no yog Insuman, Protafan, Humulin, Rinsulin, Biosulin, Gensulin, Gansulin, Insuran.

Muaj tib neeg lub cev hloov kho cov tshuaj ntawm cov pab pawg nrog kev txiav txim siab luv. Piv txwv, cov no suav nrog Gansulin, Insuran, Humulin, Rinsulin, Gensulin, Bioinsulin thiab Actrapid. Xws li cov kua dej hauv lub cev pib ua li ntawm ib nrab ib teev, thiab nws cov haujlwm nce mus txog nws cov qib siab kawg hauv ob peb teev. Cov tshuaj no tau tawm hauv 6 teev.

Thaum noj tshuaj ntau dhau nrog rau cov tshuaj ua kom muaj cov insulin, ua kom tsis muaj zog, tsaug zog, nkees, txob taus, ua daus no, ua rau muaj hws txias, tshee, pallor, palpitations, mob taub hau, cramps thiab kev tshaib kev nqhis tuaj yeem tshwm sim. Tag nrho cov no yog cov tsos mob ntawm kev tsis tuaj yeem.

Yog hais tias tus kab mob no nyuam qhuav pib tsim thiab nyob rau hauv nws ntxov, yooj yim dua theem, tom qab ntawd koj tuaj yeem tshem tawm tag nrho cov tsos mob koj tus kheej. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, koj yuav tsum noj cov zaub mov muaj suab thaj thiab muaj cov carbohydrates ntau, uas tuaj yeem zom tau yooj yim. Glucagon thiab dextrose kev daws teeb meem tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv lub cev.

Yog hais tias ib tus neeg tau poob mus rau hauv coma, ces koj yuav tsum tau txhaj qhov kev hloov kho dextrose kom txog thaum qhov teeb meem zoo tuaj.

Qee tus neeg yuav pib ua xua rau kev siv cov tshuaj hloov kho tsis haum nrog tshuaj insulin. Cov tsos mob kuj muaj xws li ua xua, o, poob ntawm lub zog, ntshav siab, ua tsis taus pa, tawm pob, ua npaws, thiab khaus.

Hauv qee kis, mob ntshav qab zib tsawg thiab tsis nco qab tshwm sim. Teeb meem rau tib neeg lub siab nco qab thiab txawm tias lub suab tsis xeev siab tuaj yeem tshwm sim. Yog tias tus neeg mob tsis nco qab noj tshuaj, tom qab ntawd nws yuav muaj tus mob hyperglycemia.

Nws zoo nkaus li vim tias kev pib qes qes, nrog kev txhim kho kev sib kis hauv lub cev, thiab tseem yog tias koj tsis ua raws li txoj cai ntawm kev noj haus.

Hauv qee kis, tus neeg mob yuav tsim kho lipodystrophy hauv qhov chaw uas muab tshuaj rau.

Thaum pib ntawm kev siv tshuaj, puffiness, tsis muaj dej, nkees nkees, thiab qab plab yuav tsum muaj. Tab sis cov tshwm sim no tsuas yog ib ntus.

Kev siv cov khoom pauv hloov rau ntuj insulin, xws li kev tshawb nrhiav cov keeb tsim cov tshuaj, yog qhov zoo ntxiv rau kev kho mob ntshav qab zib.

Nws pab txo cov ntshav qab zib vim yog qhov tseeb tias cov piam thaj ntau nqus tau los ntawm lub hlwb, thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm nws kev thauj mus los hloov. Tab sis cov tshuaj no yuav tsum siv nruj me ntsis raws li kws kho mob sau tseg, vim

lawv tuaj yeem ua rau cov neeg mob tsis raug mob rau lub cev.

Insulin yog dab tsi tsim los ntawm?

Cov tshuaj insulin yog cov tshuaj tseem ceeb rau kev kho ntshav qab zib hom 1. Qee lub sij hawm nws kuj tseem siv kho kom ruaj khov rau tus neeg mob thiab txhim kho nws txoj kev noj qab haus huv zoo nyob hauv hom ob hom kab mob. Qhov yeeb tshuaj no los ntawm nws qhov yog keeb kwm yam ntxwv uas muaj peev xwm cuam tshuam cov metabolism hauv plhaws hauv kev txhaj tshuaj me me.

Feem ntau, cov txiav ua kab mob ua yeeb yam txaus, uas pab tswj kev ua kom lub cev ntawm cov ntshav qab zib. Tab sis nrog mob hnyav endocrine, tsuas yog lub caij nyoog los pab rau tus neeg mob feem ntau yog cov tshuaj insulin meej.

Hmoov tsis zoo, nws tsis yooj yim sua kom coj nws lub qhov ncauj (nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov ntsiav tshuaj), txij li nws tau muab pov tseg tag nrho hauv cov zom zaub mov thiab poob nws cov nqi lom.

Npaj tau los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv raw ntawm cov tsiaj keeb kwm

Kev txais cov tshuaj no los ntawm kev mob siab ntawm npua thiab nyuj yog ib yam thev naus laus zis uas niaj hnub no tsis tshua pom muaj.

Qhov no yog vim qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov tshuaj tau txais, nws txoj kev ua kom ua rau kev ua xua thiab tsis txaus ntawm kev ua kom huv.

Qhov tseeb yog tias txij li thaum cov tshuaj hormones yog cov tshuaj protein, nws muaj cov qauv ntawm cov amino acids.

Cov insulin tsim tawm hauv tus npua lub cev sib txawv hauv amino acid muaj pes tsawg leeg los ntawm tib neeg cov insulin los ntawm 1 amino acid, thiab insulin bovine los ntawm 3.

Thaum pib thiab nruab nrab ntawm xyoo pua 20, thaum cov tshuaj zoo sib xws tsis muaj, txawm tias cov insulin zoo li no yog qhov kev daws teeb meem hauv cov tshuaj thiab tso cai kho tus mob ntshav qab zib kom txog qib tshiab. Cov tshuaj hormones tau los ntawm hom no txo ​​cov ntshav qab zib, txawm li cas los xij, lawv feem ntau ua rau muaj kev phiv thiab ua xua.

Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov amino acids thiab impurities hauv cov tshuaj cuam tshuam rau kev mob ntawm cov neeg mob, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv ntau pawg yooj yim ntawm cov neeg mob (cov menyuam yaus thiab cov laus).

Lwm qhov laj thawj rau kev ua tsis tau zoo ntawm cov tshuaj insulin yog qhov muaj nws qhov tsis muaj zog nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj (proinsulin), uas tsis yooj yim sua kom tshem tau ntawm qhov kev hloov pauv tshuaj no.

Tam sim no, tseem muaj cov nqaij npuas ua tsis muaj zog ntxiv uas tsis muaj qhov luv ntawm cov luv luv no. Lawv tau los ntawm cov txiav nruab nrab ntawm npua, tab sis tom qab ntawd lawv raug rau kev ua ntxiv thiab ua kom huv. Lawv yog multicomponent thiab muaj excipients.

Hloov cov nqaij npuas insulin yog xyaum tsis txawv ntawm tib neeg cov tshuaj hormones, yog li nws tseem nyob hauv kev siv

Cov tshuaj no tiv thaiv los ntawm cov neeg mob ntau dua zoo dua thiab kev coj ua tsis ua rau muaj kev phiv tshuaj, lawv tsis inhibit tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob thiab txo cov ntshav qab zib. Bovine insulin tsis siv rau hauv cov tshuaj niaj hnub no, txij li vim nws cov qauv txawv teb chaws nws cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau kev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab lwm yam kab ke ntawm tib neeg lub cev.

Kev Tshawb Fawb Kev Tshawb Fawb Kev Tshawb Fawb

Tib neeg cov tshuaj insulin, uas yog siv rau cov neeg mob ntshav qab zib, ntawm ib qho kev ntsuas lag luam yog tau ntawm ob txoj hauv kev:

Cia rau cov kab mob insulin

  • siv enzymatic kho cov kab mob ntawm cov kab mob ntshav qab zib,
  • siv hom hloov kab ntawm Escherichia coli lossis poov xab.

Nrog lub cev hloov kho physico-tshuaj, cov molecules ntawm cov kab mob ntshav rau hauv qab ua haujlwm ntawm cov enzymes tshwj xeeb ua tib yam rau tib neeg cov kua dej. Cov amino acid muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm kev npaj ua tiav tsis txawv ntawm qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub ntuj lawm uas tsim tawm hauv tib neeg lub cev.

Thaum lub sij hawm tsim tawm, cov tshuaj yauv yauv ua kom lub siab huv, yog li nws tsis ua rau muaj kev fab tshuaj lossis lwm yam tsis xav ua.

Tab sis feem ntau, cov insulin tau txais los ntawm kev hloov pauv (hloov pauv (hloov pauv)). Siv cov txheej txheem biotechnological, cov kab mob lossis cov poov xab tau hloov kho hauv kev uas lawv tus kheej tuaj yeem tsim cov tshuaj insulin.

Ntxiv rau kev tsim cov tshuaj insulin nws tus kheej, nws txoj kev ua kom huv ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb. Yog li hais tias cov tshuaj tsis ua rau muaj kev tsis haum tshuaj thiab tsis haum, nyob rau txhua theem nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau saib xyuas kev coj huv ntawm cov kab mob sib kis thiab txhua yam kev daws teebmeem, nrog rau cov khoom siv uas siv.

Muaj 2 txoj hauv kev rau cov tshuaj insulin ntau lawm. Thawj zaug ntawm lawv yog nyob ntawm kev siv ntawm ob hom kev sib txawv (hom) ntawm ib qho microorganism.

Txhua ntawm lawv coj los ua ke tsuas yog ib txoj saw ntawm cov tshuaj hormones DNA molecule (tsuas yog ob ntawm lawv, thiab lawv muab spirally twisted ua ke).

Tom qab ntawd cov saw hlau no tau txuas nrog, thiab hauv kev daws teeb meem nws yog ib qho ua tau los cais cov yam ntxwv nquag ua haujlwm ntawm insulin los ntawm cov uas tsis muaj qhov txheeb raws roj ntsha.

Qhov thib ob kom tau txais cov tshuaj nrog Escherichia coli lossis poov xab yog ua raws li qhov tseeb tias microbe ua ntej tsim cov tshuaj insulin tsis muaj zog (ntawd yog nws cov neeg ua ntej, proinsulin). Tom qab ntawd, siv kev kho mob enzymatic, daim ntawv no tau ua kom tiav thiab siv hauv cov tshuaj.

Cov neeg ua haujlwm tau txais kev nkag mus rau qee lub chaw tsim khoom yuav tsum hnav cov khaub ncaws uas tsis huv, uas tshem tawm qhov kev sib cuag ntawm cov tshuaj nrog tib neeg cov kua nruab nrog cev.

Tag nrho cov txheej txheem no feem ntau yog siv lub tshuab, huab cua thiab txhua qhov chaw nyob hauv kev sib cuag nrog cov ampoules thiab vials tsis huv, thiab cov kab nrog cov khoom siv yog hermetically kaw.

Cov txheej txheem biotechnology ua rau cov kws tshawb fawb xav txog lwm cov kev daws rau cov ntshav qab zib.

Piv txwv li, txog rau hnub tim, kev tshawb nrhiav preclinical ntawm kev tsim cov khoom neeg tsim kho kab mob pancreatic beta cells tau ua tiav, uas tuaj yeem tau txais siv cov kev siv engineering caj ces.

Tej zaum yav tom ntej lawv yuav siv los txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom no hauv cov neeg mob.

Kev tsim cov tshuaj insulin niaj hnub no yog cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis nyuaj uas suav nrog kev siv tshuab thiab ua kom muaj kev cuam tshuam tsawg ntawm tib neeg

Cov khoom siv ntxiv

Kev tsim tawm ntawm cov tshuaj insulin tsis muaj cov neeg hauv lub ntiaj teb niaj hnub no yuav luag tsis pom, vim tias lawv tuaj yeem txhim kho nws cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg, txuas ntxiv lub sijhawm ua haujlwm thiab ua tiav qib siab ntawm kev coj dawb huv.

Los ntawm lawv cov khoom, tag nrho cov khoom xyaw ntxiv tuaj yeem faib ua cov hauv qab no:

  • rub tawm ntev (cov tshuaj uas siv los muab lub sijhawm ntev dua ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm cov tshuaj),
  • tshuaj tua kab mob Cheebtsam
  • stabilizers, vim qhov twg cov tshuaj acidity zoo yog tswj tau nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj daws teeb meem.

Ua Luam Tshuaj Ntxiv

Muaj cov insulins ntev ntev uas nws cov kev ua haujlwm lom mus ntev txog 8 rau 42 teev (nyob ntawm pawg ntawm cov tshuaj). Cov nyhuv no tau tiav vim yog ntxiv cov tshuaj tshwj xeeb - prolongators rau cov tshuaj tov. Feem ntau feem ntau, ib qho kev sib txuas hauv qab no yog siv rau lub hom phiaj no:

Cov nqaijrog uas ua kom ntev li qhov kev ua ntawm cov tshuaj yauv ua kom pom tseeb kev ua kom huv thiab muaj cov ua xua tsawg (piv txwv, protamine). Cov ntsev muaj ntsev tsis muaj kev tsis zoo ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm insulin kev ua ub no lossis tib neeg lub neej.

Kev rho tawm hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov tshuaj insulin yog qhov tsim nyog yog li cov paj microbial tsis muaj ntau thaum lub sij hawm cia thiab siv hauv nws. Cov tshuaj no yog cov khaws cia thiab ua kom paub tseeb tias khaws cia ntawm kev ua tsiaj txhu hauv tshuaj.

Ib qho ntxiv, yog tias tus neeg mob tswj cov tshuaj hormones los ntawm ib lub vial rau nws tus kheej xwb, ces cov tshuaj yuav nyob ntev mus ob peb hnub.

Vim tias muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo tiv thaiv kab mob, nws yuav tsis muaj qhov yuav tsum tau muab pov tseg tsis siv tshuaj tsis zoo vim yog qhov theoretical muaj peev xwm luam tawm nyob rau hauv kev daws cov microbes.

Cov tshuaj yeeb dej hauv qab no tuaj yeem siv los ua tshuaj tua kab mob hauv kev tsim cov tshuaj insulin:

Yog tias cov tshuaj tov ua ke nrog zinc ions, lawv kuj ua raws li kev tiv thaiv ntxiv vim yog lawv cov khoom ua haujlwm antimicrobial

Rau kev tsim txhua yam ntawm cov tshuaj insulin, qee yam tshuaj tua kab mob yog cov haum. Lawv cov kev cuam tshuam nrog cov tshuaj hormones yuav tsum raug kuaj xyuas nyob rau theem ntawm kev coj mus kuaj, vim tias qhov kev khaws cia yuav tsum tsis txhob cuam tshuam cov kev ua haujlwm lom ntawm insulin lossis lwm yam cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau nws lub zog.

Kev siv tshuaj ntau nyob rau hauv feem ntau tso cai rau cov tshuaj los tswj cov tawv nqaij hauv qab daim tawv nqaij yam tsis tau kho ua ntej nrog cawv lossis lwm yam tshuaj tua kab mob (tus tsim khoom lag luam feem ntau hais txog qhov no hauv cov lus qhia).

Qhov no yooj yim tswj hwm kev siv tshuaj thiab txo qhov tsawg ntawm cov neeg npaj ua ntej txhaj tshuaj nws tus kheej.

Tab sis cov lus pom zoo no tsuas ua haujlwm yog tias cov tshuaj daws tau siv uas siv ib tug kheej insulin koob txhaj nrog ib rab koob nyias.

Lub cev ruaj khov

Kev ruaj khov yog qhov tsim nyog yog li pH ntawm kev daws teeb meem yog tswj hwm ntawm qib. Kev khaws cia ntawm cov tshuaj, nws cov dej num thiab kev ruaj khov ntawm cov tshuaj yog nyob ntawm theem ntawm acidity. Hauv kev tsim cov tshuaj txhaj tshuaj rau cov neeg mob ntshav qab zib, phosphates feem ntau yog siv rau lub hom phiaj no.

Rau cov tshuaj insulin nrog zinc, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv stabilizers tsis yog ib txwm xav tau, txij li cov hlau ions pab tswj qhov kev tshuav tsim nyog.

Yog tias lawv tseem siv, tom qab ntawd lwm cov tshuaj sib txuas ntxiv yog siv tsis siv phosphates, vim tias kev sib txuam ntawm cov tshuaj no ua rau muaj dej nag lossis tsis haum ntawm cov tshuaj.

Ib qho cuab yeej tseem ceeb qhia rau txhua tus neeg nyob twj ywm yog kev nyab xeeb thiab tsis muaj peev xwm nkag rau ib qho kev cuam tshuam nrog cov tshuaj insulin.

Tus kws tshaj lij endocrinologist yuav tsum nrog kev xaiv cov tshuaj txhaj rau ntshav qab zib rau txhua tus neeg mob.

Kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kua dej tsis yog tsuas yog tswj cov qib ntawm cov piam thaj hauv ntshav, tab sis kuj tsis ua rau lwm cov plab hnyuv siab raum thiab cov kab ke. Cov tshuaj yuav tsum yog cov tshuaj nruab nrab, tsis tshua muaj allergenic thiab pheej yig dua.

Nws tseem yooj yim heev yog tias cov tshuaj insulin tuaj yeem sib xyaw nrog nws lwm cov ntawv ntxiv raws li kev ua haujlwm ntev.

Txais cov tshuaj insulin, cov hau kev ntawm kev tsim kho caj ces, Biotechnology - Cov Haujlwm

1. Cov qauv thiab cov haujlwm ntawm cov tshuaj insulin 5

1.1. Tus qauv ntawm cov tshuaj insulin molecule 5

1.2 .2. Qhov txheeb raws roj ntsha tseem ceeb ntawm insulin 7

1.3. Tshuaj Insulin Biosynthesis 8

2. Genetic engineering insulin synthes 10

2.1. Kev siv cov noob caj noob ces kev ua haujlwm rau kev sib txuas ntawm cov tshuaj 10

2.2. Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Txoj Kev Ntsuas 11

2.3. Genetic engineering insulin ntau lawm 14

Cia Koj Saib