Yuav kho tus mob ko taw li cas tom tsev: cov hau kev kho
SDS (mob ntshav taw) yog yam ntxwv, ua ntej txhua yam, los ntawm qhov txo qis ntawm qhov rhiab ntawm tawv nqaij ntawm ko taw. Cov tsos mob zoo li no ua rau muaj qhov tseeb tias tus neeg tsis tuaj yeem paub txog kev ua txhaum ntawm kev ncaj ncees ntawm daim tawv nqaij ntawm ko taw hauv lub sijhawm, tsis hnov mob ntawm caj dab thiab mob caj dab, mob, abrasions thiab tawg, qee zaum nws tsis pom tias lawv muaj. Feem ntau, qhov mob txhab thiab mob raug mob nyob rau qhov siab, ntawm thaj chaw ntawm qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm daim tawv nqaij, hauv qab ntiv tes, lossis qhov chaw ko taw yuav raug kev nyuaj siab tshaj plaws thaum taug kev. Qhov tsis muaj kev kho ua rau ua rau nkag mus ntawm pathogenic microflora rau hauv lub qhov txhab, suppuration thiab tus kab mob, cov pob txha ntawm ko taw tau deformed. Thaum kawg, tag nrho cov no hem cov kev loj hlob ntawm kev ua qog (qib tsib ntawm SDS) nrog tom qab txiav ntawm tes taw.
Yog lawm, zaum no yog rooj plaub kawg thiab phem tshaj plaws. Tab sis nws tau hais txog lub sijhawm, uas txhais tau tias nws raug tub rog, yog li nws nyuaj rau overestimate qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tiv thaiv, kev kho mob thiab kho kom zoo rau tus mob ko taw.
Muaj ob peb theem ntawm kev txhim kho mob ntshav qab zib taw - txij ntawm xoom txog tsib. Kev kawm tiav xoom tsis pom kev hauv txhua txoj kev. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb los tiv thaiv kev txhim kho ntawm cov theem hauv qab no, thiab yog li ntawd, kev tiv thaiv kev txhim kho ntawm tus kabmob, tswj kom muaj lub neej nquag, hnav cov khau yog, thiab kev nyiam huv tus kheej tuaj ua ntej.
Cov tsos mob thib ob ntawm SDS suav nrog kev mob thaum taug kev, o, muaj cov "hnub qub" vascular thiab cov leeg ntshav o, thiab qhov hloov pauv ntawm qhov kub tsis zoo. Tsis tas li, cov tsos mob ntawm tus kab mob no tuaj yeem ua rau nkees thaum taug kev, qhov hnov ntawm tingling thiab hlawv, maj mam kho ntawm qhov txhab thiab ua kom tsis ncaj, cessation ntawm cov plaub hau kev loj hlob ntawm ob txhais ceg (feem ntau ntawm cov ntiv taw), discoloration (liab lossis blanching) ntawm ko taw, thiab cyanosis ntawm cov ntiv tes.
Dab tsi ntsuas yog txhais tau tias los ntawm kev tu kom zoo rau koj tus mob ko taw?
Kev tu kom zoo ntawm tus mob ko taw txhais tau tias cov cai hauv qab no:
- ua kom cov ntshav qab zib taw kom huv, nruj huv,
- kev siv hosiery heev dua lwm yam los ntawm cov khoom siv ntuj,
- nkawm khau - xis dua, xis nyob, nruab nrog lub pob taws orthopedic, nrog pob taws tsis siab dua 8 cm, tsis muaj hluavtaws, ntxaws daim ntaub thiab rub tawv. Kev siv cov ntawv tshwj xeeb uas muaj ntshav qab zib taw tsis siv neeg (nyiam dua tus kheej) insoles, semi-ins inserts lossis kab ntawv,
- zam (yog tias ua tau) kev puas tsuaj ntawm kev ncaj ncees ntawm daim tawv nqaij,
- Tsis txhob cia txias lossis kub kis. Thaum ntxuav koj txhais taw, siv dej sov,
- kiag li tshem tawm ko taw liab qab taug kev,
- tiv thaiv kev sib kis nrog cov kab mob fungal, ntsia hlau tawm tsam, mob rau sab hauv. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, koj yuav tsum ua raws qee txoj cai rau kev txiav cov ntsia hlau (tsis muaj puag ncig ntawm cov ces kaum, thaum tawm hauv qhov ntev ntawm tsawg kawg 1 hli).
Cov kev kho rau pej xeem rau kev tiv thaiv thiab kev kho tus yam ntxwv ntawm tus mob ntshav qab zib ko taw
Hauv txoj kev kho mob nyuaj rau kev kho tus mob ko taw mob ko taw, kws kho mob menyuam yaus (cov kws kho mob tshwj xeeb hauv kev kuaj mob thiab kho tus mob ko taw, txhais ceg qis dua) pom zoo rau ntau txoj kev los daws cov tsos mob tsis zoo:
Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog kom nco ntsoov tias kev kho mob nrog cov hau kev ntawm kev kho mob no tuaj yeem lav txoj kev vam meej tsuas yog thaum pib ntawm tus kab mob. Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, hom tshuaj ntsuab tsis hloov cov khoom qub, tshuaj kho mob, tsim los tiv thaiv tus kab mob tseem ceeb - ntshav qab zib. Tab sis, tus kws tshaj lij menyuam yaus lossis tus mob endocrinologist yuav tsis tso tseg txoj kev pabcuam hauv tshuaj ntsuab, vim hais tias nyob rau hauv kev tawm tsam cov kabmob ntshav qab zib, txhua txhais tau tias tsim nyog. Qhov nrov ntawm lwm txoj kev kho rau SDS yog vim nws cov txiaj ntsig me, thim rov qab ntawm uas tau nce sij hawm kho.
Yuav siv cov lotions li cas?
Qhov zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev kho mob ntshav qab zib taw yog cov pleev uas muaj:
- Rye qhob cij tov nrog zib ntab
- Txiv roj roj
- Kefir los yog yogurt, tuab qaub cream,
- Cov hmoov nplej nrog zib ntab
- Muam,
- Clove roj
- Cov av nplaum ntsuab
- Aloe nplooj crushed mus rau ib lub xeev ntawm gruel.
Tag nrho cov nyiaj no yog tsim los ua kom tawv nqaij qhuav rau ntawm luj taws thiab luj taws ntawm ko taw, kom daws qhov tsis hnov tsw ntawm VDS.
Cov tshuaj pleev yog qhov daim ntaub nyias nyias yob ntawm ntau cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg, impregnated nrog cov tshuaj tshwj xeeb tau npaj los yog cov tshuaj mos, qhwv hauv tib multilayer gauze thiab khi rau qhov chaw mob. Lotions raug pom zoo kom siv li 6 teev nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav ua tiav qhov xav tshuaj kho kom haum. Nyob ntawm cov tshuaj siv, muab tshuaj pleev tau siv ib zaug lossis ob zaug ib hnub.
Koj tseem tuaj yeem siv cov kev ua kom zoo nkauj ntawm cov tshuaj ntsuab uas tau npaj tau zoo ib yam thiab sai. Cov zaub mov nram qab no suav hais tias yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau mob ntshav qab zib ko taw:
- Txheeb hauv ib khob ntawm cov dej npau npau ib diav ntawm cov taub roj av (rau 5 feeb),
- Noog Cherry (berries) - 1 tablespoon rau 1 khob ntawm cov dej npau (20 feeb),
- Rau ib nrab ib teev, hais rau ntawm ib tablespoon ntawm sage thiab cloves nyob rau hauv ib khob ntawm dej kub,
- Ib nplooj ntawm currant nrog cov tub ntxhais hluas nettle insist 20 feeb nyob rau hauv ib liter ntawm boiling dej,
- Sib tov 2 diav ntawm txoj hlua, St. John lub wort thiab plantain thiab hais kom ib lub khob ntawm cov dej npau npau,
- Ib tablespoon ntawm aloe nyob rau hauv ib khob ntawm dej npau.
Tom qab npaj ib qho ntawm cov ua kom zoo nkauj, nws yuav tsum tau lim los ntawm sieve los yog ob lossis peb txheej ntawm daim ntaub nyias nyias, thiab tom qab ntawd siv rau da dej li 15-20 feeb. Tom qab ntawd qhuav ntawm daim tawv nqaij ntawm koj txhais taw kom zoo zoo thiab maj mam muab nrog txoj phuam mos.
Ntshav qab zib taw
Zaws (los yog zaws tus kheej) yog ib qho txheej txheem muaj txiaj ntsig zoo nyob rau hauv kev kho mob ntshav qab zib ko taw hauv tsev. Nws muaj cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm daim tawv nqaij ntawm tus taw, ua haujlwm ib txwm thiab ua kom muaj ntshav txaus.
Muaj ntau txoj cai yooj yim zaws (zaws rau tus kheej):
- kev npaj ntawm qab zib taw - ntxuav, ziab koj ob txhais taw nrog phuam muag muag,
- npaj cov roj zaws: pre-sov nws hauv koj txhais tes rau 3 feeb, tom qab ntawd thov rau hauv xib teg ntawm koj txhais tes,
- lub ntsiab theem yog zaws tus taw hauv cov kev taw qhia los ntawm cov ntiv tes mus rau qij taws,
- cov theem kawg yog thov cov tshuaj pleev ib ce rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij ntawm tus taw (nyiam dua tshwj xeeb yog tsim rau cov ntshav qab zib).
Nws raug nquahu kom siv cov qab zib uas muaj urea rau cov tawv nqaij qhuav ntawm ko taw - lub ntuj moisturizer nrog txhua qhov tsim nyog cov vitamins thiab cov zaub mov. Tom qab cov txheej txheem zaws, cov thom khwm yuav tsum hnav.
Thaum xaiv hom tshwj xeeb ntawm lwm txoj kev kho rau kev muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm tus mob ko taw, ib qho yuav tsum tau ua los ntawm cov hauv qab no:
- Nce nce hauv txhais taw qhuav, cov leeg me - siv cov da dej,
- Ntub hu, mob rwj, muaj mob o - siv tshuaj pleev.
Koj kuj tseem tuaj yeem tsis nco qab txog kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb, uas koom nrog cov khau xis, orthopedic insoles, zaws tsis tu ncua.
Raws li WHO kev faib tawm, peb hom VDS raug cais tshwj xeeb: neuropathic, ischemic thiab neuroischemic. Feem ntau rau neuropathic kev puas tsuaj rau ko taw. Hauv nws daim ntawv dawb huv, lub xeev ischemic yog tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim, ntau zaus ntau daim ntawv sib xyaw yog pom - neuroischemic. Ntawm kev pheej hmoo yog cov neeg muaj ntshav qab zib thiab ntau yam kab mob plawv. Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias mob ko taw mob ko taw yog tus kab mob txhoj puab heev uas tsim kho sai sai. Yog tias tsis kho, nws tuaj yeem ua rau mob siab, txawm tias muaj kev tuag.
Txo cov ntshav qab zib
Tawm tsam backdrop ntawm kev tawm tsam tiv thaiv tus mob ko taw mob ko taw, koj yuav tsum tsis txhob hnov qab txog qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb - ntshav qab zib. Blueberries yog qhov zoo rau txo qis ntshav qab zib. Ua li no, noj ib khob ntawm cov txiv no peb zaug ib hnub. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog ib qho zoo ua lub decoction: rau nplooj rau ib khob ntawm dej npau. Nws yuav tsum haus cawv 3 zaug nyob rau ib hnub rau ib nrab khob: thaum sawv ntxov, thaum noj su, ua ntej yuav mus pw. Cov chav kawm kav ib hlis, tom qab los so ob lub lis piam, tom qab ntawd koj yuav tsum rov ua zaub mov noj blueberry tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob ntshav qab zib.
Ntau yam phyto-suav sau uas pab txhawb rau kev ua kom cov lipid metabolism zoo li qub yuav pab txo cov ntshav qab zib. Qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lawv:
- Ib tablespoon ntawm oat husk nyob rau hauv ib khob ntawm dej npau - sov tshaj li tsawg cua sov rau 10 feeb. Noj ib diav tom qab noj mov tag,
- Boil ob dia ntawm horsetail hauv ib nrab ib liv dej rau 10 feeb. Thov ib nrab khob ua ntej noj mov,
- Txheeb ib diav ntawm cov txiv ntseej txiv ntoo kom txog thaum txias hauv ib khob ntawm cov dej npau. Nqa ib rab diav ua ntej noj mov,
- Rhaub ob dia ntawm blueberries qhuav hauv ib nrab ib liv dej rau 20 feeb. Haus ib nrab ib khob ua ntej noj mov.
Kev kho nrog kev siv tus nqi tshuaj tsuas yog ua tus pab, ua tus txiav txim siab kho qhov mob. Ua ntej siv nws, nws yuav tsum tau sab laj nrog koj tus kws kho mob. Ib qho ntxiv, txhua yam ntawm kev siv tshuaj ntsuab tuaj yeem yog ib tus neeg ua xua rau tus neeg tshwj xeeb, yog li ntawd, thaum siv cov tshuaj siv tshuaj lwm txoj kev, yuav tsum tau ceev faj. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus tsis yog tsim txom!
Kev kho kab mob hauv ko taw yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev kho mob, suav nrog kev siv tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, tshuaj tua kab mob, tshuaj los pab kho mob neuropathy, tshuaj mob plab, kho lub cev thiab kho lub cev. Muaj qee kis, hirudotherapy pab, kev nyiam huv thiab kev siv ntawm nkawm khau orthopedic nrog cov insoles uas tshem cov taw ntawm tus mob ko taw kuj yuav tsum tau ua.
Cov theem sib txawv ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tus kab mob cuam tshuam lwm txoj hauv kev rau kev kho. Yog li, lub xoom thiab thawj theem koom nrog kev siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv antiseptic rau kev kho mob ntawm ulcerations, thib ob thiab thib peb - koom nrog kev siv tshuaj tua kab mob, thiab plaub thiab tsib - feem ntau xav tau kev phais mob txhawm rau tshem cov ntaub so ntswg tuag.
Ib tug neeg muaj mob ntshav qab zib yuav tsum ua lub neej tshwj xeeb, muaj mob muaj sia, hais qhia kom noj zaub mov kom zoo, ua kom tiav qhov kev coj tsis zoo, qhov lub siab xav ua kom cov metabolism hauv thiab qhov hnyav. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau ua raws li txhua tus kws kho mob sau ntawv, noj tshuaj thiab tshuaj kho pej xeem (yog tias xav tau), siv txoj cai pedicure, tiv thaiv tus ntsia thawv ntxuav tes, kuaj xyuas cov xwm txheej ntawm cov ntshav qab zib kom tsis txhob dhau lossis tshawb pom cov cim ntawm SDS hauv lub sijhawm.
Kev ntaus mob ntshav qab zib yog ib txoj kev tshwj xeeb ntawm lub neej. Tus neeg mob uas ua raws nws tau nruj yuav ua rau kom muaj qhov tsis zoo ntawm tus kab mob no mus rau qhov tsawg kawg nkaus!
Cov ntsiab cai thiab kev kho mob hauv tsev
Kev ua txhaum ntawm trophism thiab kev muab ntshav mus rau cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm ko taw yog pom los ntawm cov tsos mob sab nraud:
- cov qhov txhab me me thiab thaj chaw necrotic tshwm rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij, uas tshwm sim hauv cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm qhov sib txawv,
- ntawm taw yog tsis muaj los yog txo qhov mob rhiab, qhov no yog qhov uas mob ntshav qab zib neuropathy,
- corns thiab corns yog tsim nyob rau tib qho, lawv tuaj yeem nyob rau txhua lub sijhawm hloov mus rau qhov mob ua rau tawv nqaij-mob tsis huv,
- ib tus neeg txhawj xeeb txog kev hlawv, mob, loog, zoo nkaus li "xyu pob"
- qhov xwm ntawm daim tawv nqaij hloov, lawv tig daj ntseg thiab dhau los ua xim av.
Kev mob ntshav qab zib ko taw tsis tshwm sim tam sim ntawd, txhua tus tsos mob tsuas tshwm sim li 15-20 xyoo tom qab pib mob ntshav qab zib mellitus, thiab ntawm no koj yuav tau kho nws sai thiab sai li sai tau. Yog hais tias tus neeg mob tsis saib xyuas qib ntawm cov piam thaj hauv ntshav, ces cov tsos mob yuav tshwm sim ua ntej, thiab kev kho mob yuav tsum tau ua haujlwm tam sim ntawd.
Kev kho yuav tsum nyob rau hauv txhua kis yuav tsum tau ua nyob rau hauv ib txoj hauv kev, uas koom nrog qee qhov kev noj haus thiab kev siv orthopedic insoles los txo cov nyom ntawm lub taw.
Cov tshuaj ib txwm ua hauv kev kho mob taw ko taw tuaj yeem ua haujlwm zoo tsuas yog tsis muaj kev phom sij ntawm kev mob caj dab thiab tsis tas yuav muaj qhov phais.
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nco ntsoov tias kev ywj pheej siv cov kev kho mob rau pej xeem, raws li txoj cai, ua rau muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb thiab cuam tshuam ntau yam ntawm tus neeg mob; kev kho yuav tsum tau ua tshwj xeeb kev sib xyaw, txawm nyob hauv tsev.
Ua ntej pib txoj kev kho mob ntshav qab zib ko taw nrog cov zaub mov txawv pej xeem, koj yuav tsum tau sab laj nrog kws kho mob txog qhov no.
Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus tseem ceeb rau kev siv tshuaj ntsuab kho, tinctures thiab tshuaj ntsuab tom tsev yog:
- kev siv cov tshuaj hauv zos, cov zaub mov txawv yuav tsum muaj qhov nruab nrab kom zoo thiab ntxuav kom pom tseeb,
- kev siv tus nqi them tshuaj ntsuab thiab tshuaj ntsuab nrog cov nyhuv vasodilating,
- kev siv cov khoom noj khoom haus pej xeem, uas suav nrog cov khoom uas ua rau cov ntshav khov thiab txhim kho microcirculation,
- kev siv tshuaj ntsuab nrog lub qhov txhab kho kom zoo hauv cov txheej txheem purulent-necrotic thiab lub qhov txhab rau lub hom phiaj ntawm kev kho hauv zos.
Tshaj tawm, peb tuaj yeem hais tias cov zaub mov noj pej xeem yog tsim los kom tsis txhob muaj kev ua txhaum tib yam li cov tshuaj ib txwm muaj, tab sis kev kho yuav tsum xav thiab ceev faj.
Ob peb theem zaub mov txawv hauv tsev
Cov zaub mov txawv li cas, uas tau siv dav hauv kev kho mob ko taw, tau pom qhov ua tau zoo dua. Ntawm no yog qhov tseem ceeb:
Blueberries muaj lub peev xwm los txo cov ntshav qab zib, txhim kho microcirculation thiab ua kom cov metabolism sai. Nws pom zoo kom ntxiv peb tsom iav ntawm blueberries rau cov zaub mov, uas koj yuav tsum tau noj peb zaug ib hnub. Ntxiv nrog rau berries, nplooj blueberry kuj tseem brewed thiab qaug dej cawv li tshuaj yej ob peb zaug hauv ib hnub.
Txoj kev kho mob pom zoo hais tias siv cov burdock lossis burdock nplooj. Nyob rau lub caij ntuj no lawv tuaj yeem siv rau hauv daim ntawv qhuav, thiab nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov - hauv qhov tshiab. Burdock thiab burdock muaj cov txiaj ntsig kho kom zoo. Cov nplooj tau thov rau qhov povtseg, tom qab ntxuav txhais ceg nrog furacilin lossis daws ntawm poov tshuaj permanganate. Rau cov txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws, koj tuaj yeem ntub lub ko taw nrog ib txheej ntawm zib ntab, sprinkled nrog burdock nplooj saum.
Daim ntaub qhwv nrog nplooj hloov 2 zaug hauv ib hnub. Cov nplooj ntawm burdock kuj tseem siv rau qhov ncauj tswj hwm ntawm tus nqi ntawm 1 teaspoon rau ib khob ntawm cov dej npau. Burdock muaj cov diuretic thiab lymphogonous siv tau.
Txhawm rau kho ko taw, clove roj tau siv, uas yog muag hauv khw muag tshuaj. Cov cuab yeej muaj cov tshuaj tua kab mob, ua kom loog thiab mob qhov txhab ua kom zoo, nws yog qhov siv tau los kho lawv nrog qhov tshwm sim ntawm tus mob ko taw.
Txhawm rau nrawm kho qhov txhab, kefir tuaj yeem siv rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij ntawm ko taw, sprinkled nrog hmoov los ntawm koob koob ntawm juniper lossis ntoo thuv. Cov tshuaj muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm cov nroj tsuag no dhau ntawm kev ua xyem xyav, cov no yog cov vitamins, tshuaj tua kab mob thiab cov roj tseem ceeb, txhua yam uas ua kom sai kho cov txheej txheem ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg thiab tso cai rau lawv kho sai sai, qhov tseem ceeb yog tias gangrene ntawm qis qis tsis pib nrog ntshav qab zib mellitus.
Ib qho tincture tau nyob rau hauv txoj kev no tuaj yeem ua tus neeg mob zoo ua kom zoo rau cov ntawv thov: siv cov noob zaub, cov paj chamomile, thiab cov nplooj rosemary hauv qhov piv ntawm 2/2/1. Zom tag nrho cov khoom xyaw thiab muab ib nrab ib liv dej txias. Cov kua dej ua tsis tau zoo rau thaj tsam li 12 teev. Ib qho kev daws tau thov rau cov flaps ntawm ntaub plaub thiab thov rau ko taw thaum hmo ntuj.
Yog tias kev kho mob nrog lwm txoj hauv kev tsis tuaj yeem nqa cov txiaj ntsig, nws zoo dua rau sab laj tus kws kho mob tam sim ntawd.
Ntshav qab zib ko taw prophylaxis
Nws yog ib txwm yoojyim dua los tiv thaiv tus kabmob los ntawm kev tiv thaiv, qhov no siv rau kev tiv thaiv tus mob ko taw. Cov lus qhia hauv qab no yuav pab tiv thaiv qhov ua txhaum cai no:
- Kev taw yuav tsum yog tas li sov, nws yog qhov tsim nyog kom tshem tawm qhov ua tau ntawm kev txo qis.
- Nquag tshuaj xyuas ntawm txhais ceg thiab nws tib tus kheej yuav tso cai rau koj kom pom kev txhim kho pob txha los yog tsim kev mob rau hauv lub sijhawm.
- Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev saib xyuas koj tus taw kom zoo, ntxuav lawv kom huv nrog dej, nws yog qhov ua tau los siv xab npum ntxhua khaub ncaws.
- Kev tsis kam ntawm cov cwj pwm tsis zoo yuav yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntxiv rau kev tawm tsam tus kabmob.
- Nws tsis pom zoo kom ua rau cov nqaij mos, koj yuav tsum ua tib zoo tu koj cov ntsia hlau, ua tib zoo txiav lawv thiab tshem tawm cov cuticle.
- Cov ntshav qab zib yuav tsum tau saib xyuas txhua hnub.
- Tus neeg mob yuav tsum hnav tsuas yog ua tau khau thiab xis, tsis tuaj yeem ua rau ua rau khaus.
Siv cov kev piav qhia los saum toj no los ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm cov tshuaj ib txwm muaj yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau txoj kev tswj hwm kev noj qab haus huv nyob rau hauv muaj ntshav qab zib mellitus, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm thawj cov tsos mob ntawm tus mob ko taw, uas tau hais tawm hauv cov ntaub so ntswg mos.